5-Pentadecylresorcinol (C15) is a natural alkylresorcinol that has been shown to protect against complications caused by imbalanced nutrition. Although the exact mechanisms of beneficial activity of C15 are not known, we assume that the protective effects of C15 on metabolic health are mediated by their modulatory influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and functional activity. Cobamides and vitamin B12 are believed to be crucial modulators of mammalian gut ecosystems. We proposed that C15 may influence the representation of enzymes and pathways for vitamin B12 synthesis in the gut microbiome, providing compositional and functional changes in the microbial community. High-throughput metagenome sequencing of the contents of the small and large intestines of C57Bl6 mice fed a regular or high-fat diet with or without C15 supplementation was performed followed by reconstruction of the metabolic activity of the microbiota to clarify the role of C15 in vitamin B12 synthesis by the gut microbiota. It has been established that C15 significantly increases the representation of the cobalamin salvage pathway and enzymes in the microbiome of the large intestine of mice fed a high-fat diet. The genera Clostridium, AF12, and [Ruminococcus] had shown the highest number of correlations with enzymes for B12 synthesis and were negatively associated with the representation of probiotic bacteria. Therefore, the beneficial effect of C15 on the gut microbiota community can be achieved by modulating B12 synthesis that, in turn, serves as one of the key regulators of gut microbiota ecology.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity in children are associated with diseases in adulthood: metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and some types of cancer. In 2006, WHO initiated the European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative COSI, according to which a survey of Moscow first-graders was conducted in 2017. The Initiative’s publications provided general characteristics of the Russian sample along with those of other countries participating in the Initiative, while the collected Russian data allowed for analysis that is more detailed.

AIM: To characterize the population of 7-year-old children in Moscow based on anthropometric parameters and lifestyle indicators.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: An epidemiological study was conducted at the National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology of the Russian Ministry of Health in 2017 as part of the COSI program. We examined 7-year-old children studying in one of the 1st grade 68 randomly selected Moscow schools. The study was carried out in accordance with the COSI study protocol, and child, parent and school questionnaire forms were completed. WHO and International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria were used to assess body weight.

RESULTS: 2166 children aged 7 years (1068 boys and 1098 girls) were examined. In total, 24.42% of children are overweight or obese according to WHO criteria, 95% CI (22.63%; 26.29%), according to IOTF criteria — 19.21%, 95% CI (17.57%; 20. 93%). 3.0% of children (2.3%; 3.8%) are underweight according to WHO criteria, 2.8% (2.2%; 3.6%) are underweight according to IOTF criteria. The median duration of breastfeeding, (BF) is 8 months, exclusive breastfeeding is 4 months. No relationship was found between the duration of breastfeeding and the child’s weight. Fathers’ BMI is higher than mothers’ BMI. Parents more often believe that their child is normal or underweight than is actually observed. About 2/3 of children go to school on foot or by mechanical transport, participate in sports or dance sections, and spend 1–2 hours a day in outdoor games on weekdays. The duration of reading and preparing lessons on weekdays and weekends does not differ, while the duration of walks on weekends is higher. Screen time on weekends is almost double that on weekdays.

CONCLUSION: For the first time, detailed results of an epidemiological study of 7-year-old children in Moscow under the COSI program are presented: assessments of weight, height and other anthropometric indicators, as well as the results of a survey of parents regarding their anthropometric parameters, family history, and children’s lifestyle.

BACKGROUND: Male hypogonadism is associated with obesity, therefore, it is of interest to study its frequency. The clinical symptoms of hypogonadism are not specific, and laboratory diagnostics is the basis for its detection. The optimal method for this diagnostics is isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, which was used in our study.

AIM: To assess of the incidence and features of hypogonadism in men with obesity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A full-design, cross-sectional, screening, single-center, non-interventional study of hypogonadal men with obesity, who were treated in Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow. The study was conducted from January 2023 to May 2024. Medical history assessment, physical examination with determination of body mass index (BMI), measurement estimation of total testosterone by isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, lipid profiles and uric acid were performed. The groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test for quantitative indicators and χ² with Yates’ correction for qualitative ones. Differences were considered statistically significant with p <0,05.

RESULTS: Hypogonadism was detected in 230 (76,7 (95% CI 71,9–81,5)%) men with obesity. The prevalence of male hypogonadism in overweight was 63,7 (95% CI 53,2–74,3)% of cases, in 1^st degree obesity — 74,8 (95% CI 66,8–82,7)%, in 2^nd degree obesity — 88,2 (95% CI 76,1–95,6)% and in 3^rd degree obesity — 88,9 (95% CI 77,4–95,8)%. Patients with hypogonadism had statistically significantly higher levels of cholesterol, uric acid and triglycerides compared to eugonadal men.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of male hypogonadism in obesity was 76,7 (95% CI 71,9–81,5)%. It was associated with dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia.

BACKGROUND: Over the past 40 years, the incidence of obesity in children aged 5 to 19 has increased tenfold. Due to the growth of childhood obesity as a socially significant chronic non-communicable disease, since 2014 the World Health Organization has announced the need to monitor the physical development of children and adolescents in order to develop actual methods to decrease the prevalence of childhood obesity and monitoring their implementation.

AIM: To determine the actual prevalence of childhood obesity in Tyumen region among children and adolescents from 3 to 18 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A one-time continuous study of 5,130 students of preschool and school institutions of Tyumen region from 3 to 18 years old was conducted as part of preventive examinations of underage children. The study included measurement of height, body weight, determination of body mass index (BMI) and calculation of SDS (SDS — standard deviation score) BMI for a certain age and gender. Assessment of physical development was carried out according to WHO criteria (2005, 2007).

RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Tyumen region was 15.2% and 8.4%, accordingly, among boys over weight and obesity were diagnosed in 13.5% of cases, among girls — in 10.2%. While analyzing the periods of childhood it was found that obesity is 1.4 and 2.1 times more common among boys than among girls at preschool and primary school age, accordingly, p=0,027 and p<0,001. In the clinical structure of obesity, grade I obesity was significantly more often observed — 55.5%, p=0,027.

CONCLUSION: The actual prevalence of childhood obesity in the Tyumen region is 8.4%. In general, among girls, obesity was registered in 5.4% of cases, and among boys it was twice as much — 10.7%. SDS BMI more them +3,1 are more often diagnosed in preschool and primary school age.

Progressive decline in muscle strength and body weight combined with excess body fat is predominantly found in the older age group and is one of the main signs of aging. Sarcopenia contributes to the progression of many chronic diseases, one of which is type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The prevalence of DM2 in the elderly has increased dramatically in recent years, following the increase in the aging population, with sarcopenia occurring much more frequently in patients with DM2 and reported as a new complication. Based on the vast number of studies proving positive effects on skeletal muscle, cardiovascular disease outcomes, risk of malignant neoplasms and increased longevity, metformin has been proposed as a potential anti-aging drug. Metformin therapy may contribute to the prevention of age-related sarcopenia by regulating lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle, namely by enhancing lipolysis and reducing inflammatory responses through activation of AMPK — 5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Studies conducted to evaluate the efficacy of metformin in individuals with sarcopenia confirm its positive effects on muscle strength and allow it to be considered for the treatment of sarcopenia.

Adipose tissue is one of the most spread tissues; it forms fat depots, varied in their structural and functional characteristics. Adipose tissue is plastic. During human’s life, it undergoes many changes and restructuring. With age, the proportion of different types of adipose tissue and the microenvironment of adipocytes change, including the stromal component, immune cells and the microcirculation. In addition, energy storage strategies differ between younger and older adults. A redistribution of adipose tissue into visceral depots is observed even in patients with adequate body mass index. These changes aggravate metabolic disorders and contribute to insulin resistance. Along with increased proinflammatory potential and endothelial dysfunction, aging of adipose tissue increases the risk of cardiovascular outcomes. At the same time, the described changes are also observed in obesity, even in relatively young patients. It is assumed that the peculiarities of lipid accumulation due to adipocyte hypertrophy entail the development of dysfunction of adipose tissue, which is reflected in changes in its cytokine and hormonal profile. Such pathological processes are characteristic of the so-called “metabolically unhealthy” obesity.
This review provides current knowledge about the changes that different types of adipose tissue undergo over time, as well as the connection between pathophysiological processes and clinical manifestations observed with aging and dysfunction of adipose tissue.

Obesity is a chronic endocrine disorder characterized by excessive adipose tissue and associated with development of various adverse metabolic processes in the body.

This case report highlights a clinical case involving the detection of a hormonally active pituitary microadenoma in a patient with morbid obesity and reproductive dysfunction. The application of a described multidisciplinary approach led to the timely verification of the underlying condition and the routing of the patient to a specialized center, which prevented the development of complications associated with acromegaly and improved the patient’s quality of life. Restoration of cyclic ovarian function following neurosurgical intervention and regression of adipose mass resulted in clinical improvement of well-being and the occurrence of pregnancy. Currently, the patient is under the care and observation of a multidisciplinary team of specialists.