BACKGROUND: Solution to the important problem of reducing cardiovascular diseases and the risk of death associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) depends on our understanding of mechanisms of different influences preventing its development and change of our lifestyle in accordance to this knowledge. However, the question remains as to how reversible the disorders resulting from the development of MS, in particular, those induced by a high-calorie diet, are. There is a lot of research work of functional disturbance during a diet, but information about what happens after diet is extremely scarce. The possibility of restoring impaired functions is not only of theoretical, but also of great practical interest.
AIM: To evaluate changes in the metabolic state and reactivity of the rat aorta to the vasoconstrictor agent phenylephrine (PhE) when fed a high-calorie diet (CAF) for 6 weeks and after normalization of nutrition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed on mature male Wistar rats, which were divided into a control group fed a standard diet (SD) and an experimental group fed a cafeteria diet (CAF). CAF and recovery period (Post-CAF) lasted 6 weeks each. At the end of each period, metabolic indexes were appreciated. The study of aortic reactivity was carried out on isolated vessels using wire myography. Statistical data processing was carried out using the GraphPad Prizm 8.0.1 program.
RESULTS: The study showed that the use of CAF led to an increase in body weight and the amount of visceral fat (2 times) in experimental animals compared to controls. They had higher fasting blood levels of triglycerides 1.77±0.42 mM vs 0.70±0.16 mM and glucose 7.6±0.9 mM vs 4.7±0.73 mM , respectively, and the indicators obtained when performing a glucose tolerance test. During the Post-CAF period, a decrease in weight gain was observed in rats, especially at its beginning, and the indicators recorded at the end of the recovery period were not statistically different from those in the SD group. As a result of a study of aortic reactivity, data were obtained on an increase of vasoconstrictor responses to the action of PhE in the CAF group due to a decrease in the anticontractile effect of NO and the participation in this process of potassium channels blocked by TEA. After Post-CAF, restoration of the influence of NO and the contribution of voltage-gated and/ or Ca2+- activated K+ channels of smooth muscles was recorded, which ultimately leads to a return of aortic reactivity to the values same as in the SD group.
CONCLUSION: The obtained data indicate that after normalization of nutrition the reversibility of metabolic disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and increased vasoconstriction of the aorta, recorded with the use of a cafeteria diet, occurs

BACKGROUND: Carbohydrates exert major impact on postprandial blood glucose levels. Diet therapy for obesity and diabetes mellitus usually implies dietary restrictions on the amount, type and daily distribution of carbohydrates, wherein the timing of meals and its composition play a significant role. However currently there is insufficient evidence-based data to guide how carbohydrates consumption should be distributed during a day in obese men.
AIM: To investigate postprandial glucose levels in response to an isocaloric carbohydrate load at main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) in individuals with different types of obesity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled men aged 25 to 65 years. The total number of study participants was 43 men. Group 1 (n=17) consisted of obese men with subcutaneous type of fat distribution (SFD) while group 2 (n=16) was represented by obese men with abdominal type of fat distribution (AFD). Group 3 (comparators) consisted of 10 men with normal body weight (NBW). The duration of continuous glucose monitoring was 5–6 days. Observation period included 3 days of usual physical and work activity regimens. Glycemic response on carbohydrate isocaloric load was assessed on different days and mealtime. During first and fifth days men were instructed to eat as usual without any restrictions. Standard carbohydrate breakfast was introduced during the second day while standard carbohydrate lunch and dinner were performed at the third and fourth days respectively.
RESULTS: Results of isocaloric carbohydrate load representing different standard meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) showed that in NBW men the most intense utilization of glucose occurs in the morning during breakfast. Glucose tolerance was significantly lower at all meals in AFD men group comparing to men with NBW and SFD. In men with SFD glucose tolerance was relatively lower than in NBW men only during standard breakfast. At lunch and dinner time disposition of the glycemic curve in men with SFD and NBW didn’t significantly differ.
CONCLUSION: Dividing men according to obesity phenotypes allows to identify features of regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and as a result to reveal different risk levels of type 2 diabetes and its’ complications. The combination of continuous glucose monitoring with dietary control can significantly increase the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions for obesity and offers a pathogenetic approach to personalized diet therapy

Asthma and obesity are diseases characterized by variability in the course and possible complications, the frequency of which is steadily increasing from year to year. The correlation between obesity and asthma is still an acute problem of the health care system. Representing very common diseases, they aggravate each other’s course and significantly worsen the quality of life. Polyphenols are a promising option to solve the existing problem. These low molecular weight compounds are biologically active substances capable of influencing on many metabolic processes in the body. This review demonstrates the multiple properties of these unique micronutrients, including antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, metabolic, neuroprotective and many others. The integration of polyphenols into the daily diet can contribute to strengthening public health, reducing the frequency and progression of socially significant diseases, and using these compounds in diseases such as asthma and obesity, according to numerous modern studies, it is possible to achieve a significant therapeutic effect at all. The purpose of this literature review is to trace the correlation between the effect of using polyphenols and changes in the course of the disease and quality of life in patients with asthma on the background of obesity, based on facts from advanced sources.

Adipose tissue, known as body fat, plays a crucial role in human health and disease. Traditionally viewed as a storage site for excess energy as body fat, advances in medical research have shown the complex and dynamic nature of adipose tissue, highlighting its critical role in the regulation of metabolism, hormone production, and immune response. Adipose tissue is subdivided into two types – lipids accumulating white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), color of which is determined by the load of mitochondria; the beige adipose tissue (BeAT) is a mix of WAT and BAT cells. This review aims to explore the multifaceted aspects of WAT, focusing on key areas: the diverse cell types comprising WAT and their unique functions, the major genes expressed and secreted from adipose tissue cells, the role of adipose tissue in inflammation, and the sex-specific differences in adipose tissue transcriptomes. Understanding the intricate dynamics of adipose tissue in the context of secreted factors having systemic effects, including inflammatory response, is essential, given its central role in maintaining energy balance and metabolic homeostasis in health issues like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Examining adipocyte-specific transcriptomes gives an understanding of the unique characteristics of these cells. The dimorphic nature of adipose tissue not only influences body fat distribution but also affects disease susceptibility and response to treatment. Additionally, this review will cover the increasingly recognized role and the intriguing effects of plant extracts on adipogenesis, which offer potential therapeutic avenues for treating obesity and its related disorders.

Chronic liver disease is a significant public health problem worldwide, and its consequences lead to the development of various mineral disorders, which occur in 75% of patients. Osteoporosis (up to 30% of patients) has the greatest clinical significance among the mineral disorders that develop in chronic liver disease. Fractures occur, according to different data, in 7-35% of patients. There are number of mechanisms influencing the state of mineral metabolism in chronic liver diseases: from the disturbance of vitamin D metabolism to the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the function of intestinal microbiota. To date, these processes remain insufficiently studied: for example, aspects concerning the functioning of parathyroid glands in chronic liver diseases are not completely clear; there is no clear idea about the predominant processes in bone tissue (anti- or proresorptive). This determines the imperfection of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches in mineral disorders due to chronic liver diseases and the need for further research in this direction. The first part of this review focuses on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of mineral metabolism disorders in these conditions; the second part of the review will focus on current therapeutic approaches

Obesity is a complex multifactorial pathology associated with a complex of metabolic, cellular, cardiovascular factors leading to extremely negative health consequences, which determines the high social significance of this nosology. Telemedicine technologies are being widely implemented in practical healthcare, including can be used for many obese patients. Currently, the true prevalence of obesity is not reflected in the forms of statistical registration of diseases and, often, is not considered by doctors as the main cause of the development of cardiovascular diseases, carbohydrate metabolism disorders and diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The underestimation of the problem of obesity is also reflected in the structure of telemedicine consultations with a specialized endocrinological research center

Currently, 879 million adults in the world are obese. Obesity and type 2 diabetes have common key pathophysiological mechanisms. Weight loss is an integral part of diabetes management. Advances in the study of the pathogenesis of obesity contribute to the development and introduction into clinical practice of innovative technologies to combat the epidemic of obesity and diabetes mellitus. New drugs take effect at the level of the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, kidneys, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscles. The safety of gene therapy is being evaluated, and the potential of special methods of drug delivery to target tissues is being studied. Randomized clinical studies show that the effectiveness of a number of new pharmacological drugs in weight loss and carbohydrate metabolism normalization is already almost comparable to that of bariatric surgery. This review summarizes the literature on the prospects for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes based on developments primarily in the field of peptide drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and RNA therapy.

Morbid obesity is a pathology associated with a complex of metabolic disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, leading to extremely negative health consequences, which necessitates a multidisciplinary approach. The presented clinical case is an example of a combination of primary (exogenous-constitutional) obesity with two other endocrine diseases, and it demonstrates the importance of determining the optimal treatment tactic for a patient with morbid obesity, taking into account his concomitant diseases. Step-by-step patient treatment was carried out by a team of therapeutic and surgical specialists

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a clinically heterogeneous group of rare inherited bone diseases characterized by resistance of target organs to the action of parathormone (PTH) as result of an epi/genetic disorder.
This article describes patients with the phenotype of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a in whom two previously undescribed variants in the GNAS gene were identified: NM_000516.7(GNAS):c.586-18_591del, which captures intron 7, exon 8 acceptor splice site and exon 8 splice site resulting in a 24 nucleotide deletion, and NM_000516.7(GNAS):c.201del p.Phe68LeufsTer32 resulting in a reading frame shift and a premature termination codon in two unrelated children with progressive weight gain from birth. According to the pathogenicity evaluation criteria, both variants are categorized as likely pathogenic variants

Asthma and obesity are diseases characterized by variability in the course and possible complications, the frequency of which is steadily increasing from year to year. The correlation between obesity and asthma is still an acute problem of the health care system. Representing very common diseases, they aggravate each other’s course and significantly worsen the quality of life. Polyphenols are a promising option to solve the existing problem. These low molecular weight compounds are biologically active substances capable of influencing on many metabolic processes in the body. This review demonstrates the multiple properties of these unique micronutrients, including antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, metabolic, neuroprotective and many others. The integration of polyphenols into the daily diet can contribute to strengthening public health, reducing the frequency and progression of socially significant diseases, and using these compounds in diseases such as asthma and obesity, according to numerous modern studies, it is possible to achieve a significant therapeutic effect at all. The purpose of this literature review is to trace the correlation between the effect of using polyphenols and changes in the course of the disease and quality of life in patients with asthma on the background of obesity, based on facts from advanced sources

In case of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas, the attention of patients and physicians is drawn to the clinical manifestations of pituitary adenoma, including associated metabolic disorders. The success of conservative methods of treating prolactinomas, the development and implementation of new approaches to the treatment of aggressive and resistant pituitary adenomas allow us to focus on non-obvious pathological conditions accompanying prolactin-secreting adenomas. These include secondary bone metabolism disorders with decreased bone mineral density (BMD), leading to osteoporosis and low-traumatic fractures. The key to effective prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is timely and accurate diagnostics, but not all methods for determining BMD developed to date can be characterized in this way. This paper highlights the use of new methods for diagnosing osteoporosis in the context of its high risk in hormonally active pituitary adenomas, in particular in prolactinomas, using a real clinical case as an example

Childhood obesity is an urgent problem of pediatric endocrinology due to the widespread occurrence, the development of metabolic complications and their steady tracking into adulthood. The developed clinical guidelines are the main working tool of the practitioner. They briefly and structurally present the main information about the epidemiology and modern classification of obesity, methods of its diagnosis and treatment based on the principles of evidence-based medicine.