Biologic functions of calcium include maintenance of skeletal integrity, signal transduction, cell permeability, excitation-secretion
and excitation-contraction coupling and cell fertilization. There are various forms of calcium in the body: ionized, complexed and
protein bound, and only two first forms can be filtered at the glomerulus and cross cell membranes. The present review covers the topics
of physiology, regulation and pathogenesis of disturbances of renal calcium metabolism.

The review presents data from the literature on the physiological and pathophysiological role of hormones of adipose tissue
(adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, leptin, resistin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1). The article considers the contribution
of adipocytokines to the development of reproductive impairment. The results of studies on the relationship of the obesity and
dysfunction of the reproductive system in women are presented.The review provides data from the literature about drug therapy of polycystic
ovary syndrome.

Bromocriptine is a sympatholytic agonist of dopamine receptors, which is now proposed for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In animal studies bromocriptine elevates the decreased levels of dopamine in hypothalamus and blocks excessive sympathetic innervations in central nervous system that results in decrease of postprandial glucose. Bromocriptine decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin secretion and muscle insulin sensitivity. This article reviews experimental and clinical data on the use of bromocriptine for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of the research. Assessing the impact of chronic hyperglycemia on the parameters of the protein, lipid metabolism
and platelet-coagulation haemostasis in patients with active phase of acromegaly. Materials and methods: The research included 58 patients
with the active phase of acromegaly (36 women and 28 men), median age 50 (43, 57) years, disease duration 9.0 (5.0, 15.0) years,
26 of whom had verified diabetes mellitus. Results: Biochemical parameters and parameters of haemostasis in patients with active
phase of acromegaly with normoglycemia differed from the control group by higher levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins,
an increase in the average volume of platelet aggregation and enhancement of their function. The presence of diabetes mellitus
was accompanied by the increase in concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, decrease in high-density lipoproteins, and increase
in fibrinogen concentration, soluble fibrin-monomeasured complexes, as well as reduction of disaggregation properties of platelets
and enhancement of ejection reactions. Conclusion: The presence of diabetes mellitus with acromegaly can be regarded as a significant
risk factor for atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperfibrinogenemia and platelet disfunction.

The aim of the study was unification of the results and specification of indications for different kinds of bariatric operations. In
our study we performed a comparative analysis of the quality of life with Moorehead-Ardelt II system and sweet eating syndrome in 45
patients after stomach banding for morbid obesity

The evaluation of wide-spreading of obesity, pathological weight increase and metabolic syndrome among the pregnant women
(n=521) in Tyumen region is provided. It is determined that the wide-spreading of obesity, pathological gestation weight increase and
impairment of a carbohydrate exchange is met more often among the non-aboriginal pregnant women in comparison with the aboriginal
ones. Metabolic syndrome during gestation period among women is met extremely rare and includes no more than three components.
Women of reproductive age with obesity form the risk group for the development of the metabolic impairment during gestation period.
It is necessary to provide some activities directed to the decrease of body weight among women before pregnancy so to prevent metabolic
impairment and reproductive losses.

An open, comparative, randomized study of orlistat in the combined treatment of obesity in adolescents with metabolic syndrome
(IIIb phase) was held. Objective: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the orlistat in adolescents 12-17 years with high risk of cardiovascular
disease and type 2 diabetes. The study included 60 adolescents with obesity and metabolic syndrome. The main group (n=30)
followed a hypocaloric diet and aerobic exercises and took orlistat 120 mg 3 times daily with meals, the control (n=30) group was only
on the non-drug therapy. During the study the anthropometric parameters, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism, blood pressure were evaluated.
All comparisons were performed as two-way, with the critical level of significance ≤ 0,05. Results: After 6 months therapy of orlistat
68% of adolescents achieved clinically meaningful weight loss, that led to the improvement of metabolic parameters. On therapy body
fat decreased by -6600.00 g [-7912.00, -2350.00] in the control group, respectively -2235.50 g [-4700, 00; 667.00] (p=0.011). Orlistat
was well tolerated by patients. Most adverse events (9 of 13 in the intervention group) were mild and can be attributed to the expected
adverse reactions. Conclusion: The study demonstrated clinically significant efficacy (compared with the control group), combined with
good safety records of its use in adolescents 12-17 years old with obesity and metabolic disorders.

A 53-year old man with acromegaly was referred for neurosurgical treatment. At admission: growth hormone (GH) 240 ME/l at all
time points of glucose tolerance test, IGF-1 - 415,1 ng/ml, brain MRI showed pituitary adenoma 34×32×27 mm extending suprasellar,
deforming and displacing optic chiasm, parasellar to both cavernous sinuses and surrounding left internal carotid artery. Clinical blood
tests revealed marked erythrocytosis - 6.1×1012, Hb - 200 g/l, HCT - 62%; urobilinigen 50 mmol/l was found in urine; otherwise the tests
were normal. For exclusion of erythraemia the patient underwent trepanobiopsy of bone marrow which showed normal haemopoesis and
suggested a secondary nature of erythrocytosis. In preoperative period 1100 ml of blood were evacuated by phlebotomy in 4 sessions, which
resulted in reduction of erythrocyte count to 5,1×1012, Hb 160 g/l, HCT 50% and disappearance of urobilinigen. The patient was then operated
by transnasal approach with debulking of most adenomatous tissue but without biochemical remission of acromegaly (GH 92-99 at
glucose tolerance test). A week after surgery - erythrocytes 4,5×1012, Hb - 141 g/l, HCT - 44,1%. The patient was prescribed a octreotide
depo (Sandostatin LAR) injections 20 mg/mth and at 6 months from operation was feeling well, with clinical remission of acromegaly and
normalization of IGF-1 and all blood count parameters.