Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic disease, uniting clinical and pathological changes in a liver:
steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. NAFLD is associated with obesity especially of abdominal type and metabolic
syndrome, that raises cardiometabolic risk and effects morbidity, prognosis of the disease and life expectancy of patients. This article
describes the basic mechanisms of development of NAFLD, classification, prognosis of the disease, diagnosis and treatment.

Despite the developed methods of diet therapy in obesity and a variety of pharmacotherapy drugs for type 2 diabetes up to 60%
of patients cannot maintain weight loss within 5 years of observation and more than 60% of patients with type 2 diabetes do not achieve
adequate diabetes control. With morbid obesity the efficacy of conservative therapy is only 5-10%. Bariatric surgery has demonstrated
a significant potential in compensation of obesity-related disorders, including type 2 diabetes.

Growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/insulin, DAF-2 and insulin-receptor control life span in various species
including human. It is possible that the life-prolonging effect of calorie restriction is due to a decrease in IGF-1 levels. A search for pharmacological
modulators of life-span-extending mutations in the GH/IGF-1/insulin signaling pathway and mimetics of caloric restriction is a priority
direction in the regulation of longevity. Some literature and our own observations suggest that antidiabetic drugs could be promising candidates
for both life span extension and prevention of cancer

The aim of the study was to determine peculiarities of protein and lipid metabolism as well as platelet-coagulation hemostasis
depending on the pathogenesis of the endogenous hypercortisolism and assessment of the impact of chronic hyperglycemia
on studied parameters. Materials and methods. The study included 19 patients with pituitary microadenomas with median age of
45,0 (41; 49) years and 9 patients with nodular adrenal gland hyperplasia aged 49,5 (42; 57) years, 14 of whom had diabetes mellitus.
Results. Biochemical and coagulation parameters in patients with endogenous hyperpercortisolism regardless of ethiology Cushing`s
syndrome differed from the control group in increased concentration of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density
lipoproteins, alpha2-globulins and decreased gamma globulins, as well as in increased average volume of platelets and enhanced aggregation
properties. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders were not characterized by significant differences in metabolic parameters
and platelet hemostasis, but were accompanied by the reduction of APTT.

It is known that the metabolic syndrome precedes the occurrence of cardiovascular pathology and type 2 diabetes, and increases
the risk for the associated death. However, this condition is reversible, and may be cured, or the reduction of its main symptoms could
be observed. The article demonstrates the current approach to the therapy of the metabolic syndrome.

47 male patients were included in this study: the group of 17 adolescents with puberty-onset obesity (aged 19,7±0,37 years), the
group of 20 adults with puberty-onset obesity (aged 32,25±0,96 years), 10 gender-matched controls (aged 20,8±0,25 years). All subjects
underwent echocardiographic and lipid profile examination. Conclusion: Among adolescent males with puberty-onset obesity normal
left ventricular geometry was encountered with similar frequency in both subgroups, with and without arterial hypertension. When left
ventricular hypertrophy develops, it may be presented as either concentric or eccentric hypertrophy. In men with puberty-onset obesity
the of patients, duration of their disease and concomitant arterial hypertension aggravate left ventricular hypertrophy. In men with puberty-
onset obesity and arterial hypertension the most common pattern of impaired left ventricular geometry is concentric hypertrophy.
Regardless of the presence of arterial hypertension, men with puberty-onset obesity have a tendency to development of left ventricular
diastolic dysfunction that may be combined with both concentric and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy.

The aim. To study the functional state of adrenal cortex and thyroid gland in metabolic syndrome (MS). 186 women and 65 men
were included. Blood levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, total thyroxin, total triiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating
hormone were studied in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome (IDF test) and their relation with MS components. The results.
75 (29,9%) of the 251 examined patients had MS. In the group with MS the levels of total thyroxin and dehydroepiandrosterone
sulphate were decreased to 1,90±0,18 microgram/milliliter vs. 2,37±0,12 microgram/milliliter (р=0,033) in patients without MS and
2,19±0,26 nmol/l vs. 2,59±0,15 nmol/l (р=0,040), respectively. The levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were inversely correlated
with the systolic blood pressure (r=-0,23, р<0,001), high density lipoprotein (r=-0,22, p=0,001), triglycerides (r=-0,14, p=0,034),
C-peptide (r=-0,44, p<0,001). The total thyroxin content was inversely correlated with low density lipoprotein (r=-0,38, р=0,026).
The patients with low dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate had higher rate of MS components. The coefficient of association between low
dehydroepiandrosterone of sulphate and MS existence was +0,39 (р=0,009). There wasnt any difference between the group with MS
and without in the level of morning cortisol in blood and after the 1 mg dexamethasone test. Conclusion. MS formation is associated with
the reduction of the levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and total thyroxin in blood, the levels of which are inversely correlated
with the elements of MS. The content of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in blood can be one of the indices of metabolic «wellbeing».

The basis of type 2 diabetes is obesity and insulin resistance. Fat tissue is hormonaly active system which produces adiponectin,
resistin and other adipokines. These substances participate in development of insulin resistance. The article presents the results of a study
conducted to examine the role of adiponectin, resistin in development of insulin resistance in patients with IGT and type 2 diabetes.
The reduction of adiponectin level and insulin resistance was found in women suffering from IGF or type 2 diabetes and in men with
only type 2 diabetes. Resistin levels were increased in the examined patients with IGT and with type 2 diabetes.

Rapid-onset obesity with hypoventilation, hypothalamic, autonomic dysregulation, electrolyte disorders like a hypernatriemia,
and neural tumor (ROHHADNET) is a newly described syndrome that can cause cardioresperitory arrests and death. It mimics several
endocrine disorders or genetic obesity syndromes during early childhood and is associated with various forms of hypothalamic-pituitary
endocrine dysfunctions that have not yet been fully investigated. The article describes the clinical case of a 4-year old patient.

The main manifestations of central diabetes insipidus (CDI), a disease of absolute deficiency of hypothalamic hormone vasopressin,
are severe thirst and polyuria, which severely interferes with normal life of patients. In some cases CDI may be the first sign
of wide spread metastatic process, appearing many years after successful treatment of oncological diseases.