ometendoОжирение и метаболизмObesity and metabolism2071-87132306-5524Endocrinology Research Centre10.14341/omet201648-14ometendo-8213Research ArticleОбзор литературыReviewВзаимосвязь патогенеза атеросклероза и остеопорозаAssociation between pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and osteoporosishttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6123-5610ВербовойАндрей ФеликсовичVerbovoyAndrey

д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой эндокринологии

andreyy.verbovoyy@rambler.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4340МитрошинаЕкатерина ВладимировнаMitroshinaEkaterina

к.м.н., ассистент кафедры эндокринологии

mitro_31@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0162-1349ПашенцеваАнна ВладимированаPashentsevaAnna

к.м.н., ассистент кафедры эндокринологии

a-pashentseva@yandex.ruФГБОУ ВПО «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияSamara State Medical UniversityRussian Federation201629122016134814Copyright © Вербовой А.Ф., Митрошина Е.В., Пашенцева А.В., 20162016Вербовой А.Ф., Митрошина Е.В., Пашенцева А.В.Verbovoy A., Mitroshina E., Pashentseva A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/8213

В настоящее время в структуре заболеваемости людей старшего возраста ведущее место занимают сердечно-сосудистые заболевания. Они являются основной причиной смерти населения развитых стран. Значимость остеопороза в настоящее время также объясняется высокой и постоянно растущей распространенностью этого заболевания. Остеопоротические переломы ассоциируются со снижением качества жизни больных, ведут к инвалидизации, требуют значительных затрат со стороны здравоохранения. Данная патология занимает четвертое место в структуре смертности вслед за сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, онкопатологией, сахарным диабетом.

Результаты многочисленных исследований указывают на то, что эти два заболевания связаны не только с возрастом возникновения, но имеют и общие патогенетические механизмы. Получены данные, свидетельствующие о том, что остеопороз, кальцификация аорты и клапанов сердца и атеросклеротическое поражение сосудов – взаимосвязанные патологические процессы. Сосудистая и костная ткань имеют ряд общих морфологических свойств, а кальцификат сосудов состоит из тех же компонентов, что и костная ткань.

С позиций современной медицины представляется крайне важным выявление определенных взаимосвязей между этими заболеваниями и их общих патогенетических механизмов для выработки комплексного и индивидуального подхода к диагностике, лечению и профилактике.

 

 

 

 

Currently, the leading place in the structure of morbidity in older people takes the cardiovascular disease. It is also the leading cause of death in developed countries. The significance of osteoporosis is now also due to the high and growing prevalence of this pathology. Osteoporotic fractures are associated with a reduction in the quality of life in patients, lead to disability, require a significant investment. This pathology is ranked fourth in the structure of mortality after cardiovascular disease, oncopathology, and diabetes.

Numerous studies indicate that these two diseases are associated not only with the occurrence of age, but have common pathogenetic mechanisms. The data obtained suggest that osteoporosis, calcification of the aorta and heart valves and atherosclerotic vascular disease – related pathological processes. Vascular and bone have some common morphological properties, vascular calcification and consists of the same components as the bone tissue.

From the standpoint of modern medicine it is extremely important to identify specific relationships between diseases and their common pathogenetic mechanisms for development of a comprehensive and individual approach to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

 

 

 

 

остеопорозатеросклерозсердечно-сосудистые заболеванияостеопротегеринвитамин Д3osteoporosisatherosclerosiscardiovascular diseaseosteoprotegerinvitamin D3ReferencesDanilevicius CF, Lopes JB, Pereira RMR. Bone metabolism and vascular calcification. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2007;40(4). doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2007000400001.Danilevicius CF, Lopes JB, Pereira RMR. Bone metabolism and vascular calcification. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2007;40(4). doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2007000400001.Farhat GN, Newman AB, Sutton-Tyrrell K, et al. The association of bone mineral density measures with incident cardiovascular disease in older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(7):999-1008. doi: 10.1007/s00198-007-0338-8.Farhat GN, Newman AB, Sutton-Tyrrell K, et al. The association of bone mineral density measures with incident cardiovascular disease in older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(7):999-1008. doi: 10.1007/s00198-007-0338-8.Perez Castrillon JL, de Luis D, Duenas-Laita A. Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Minerva Med. 2008;99(1):45-54.Perez Castrillon JL, de Luis D, Duenas-Laita A. Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Minerva Med. 2008;99(1):45-54.Коков А.Н., Малюта Е.Б., Масенко В.Л., и др. Оценка поражения коронарных артерий у мужчин с остеопеническим синдромом и ишемической болезнью сердца. // Терапевтический архив. – 2014. – Т.86. – №3. – С.65-70. [Kokov AN, Maliuta EB, Masenko VL, et al. Evaluation of coronary artery lesion in men with osteopenic syndrome and coronary artery disease. Terapevticheskij arkhiv. 2014;86(3):65-70. (In Russ.).]Коков А.Н., Малюта Е.Б., Масенко В.Л., и др. Оценка поражения коронарных артерий у мужчин с остеопеническим синдромом и ишемической болезнью сердца. // Терапевтический архив. – 2014. – Т.86. – №3. – С.65-70. [Kokov AN, Maliuta EB, Masenko VL, et al. Evaluation of coronary artery lesion in men with osteopenic syndrome and coronary artery disease. Terapevticheskij arkhiv. 2014;86(3):65-70. (In Russ.).]Divers J, Register TC, Langefeld CD, et al. Relationships between calcified atherosclerotic plaque and bone mineral density in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(7):1554-1560. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.389.Divers J, Register TC, Langefeld CD, et al. Relationships between calcified atherosclerotic plaque and bone mineral density in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(7):1554-1560. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.389.Anagnostis P, Karagiannis A, Kakafika AI, et al. Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis: age-dependent degenerative processes or related entities? Osteoporos Int. 2008;20(2):197-207. doi: 10.1007/s00198-008-0648-5.Anagnostis P, Karagiannis A, Kakafika AI, et al. Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis: age-dependent degenerative processes or related entities? Osteoporos Int. 2008;20(2):197-207. doi: 10.1007/s00198-008-0648-5.Брылякова С.Н. Показатели метаболизма костной ткани и системы гемостаза у пациентов пожилого возраста, страдающих инволютивным остеопорозом в сочетании с ишемической болезнью сердца. Дис.... канд. мед. наук. – Самара, 2005. – 150 с. [Brylyakova SN. Pokazateli metabolizma kostnoj tkani i sistemy gemostaza u pacientov pozhilogo vozrasta, stradajushhih involjutivnym osteoporozom v sochetanii s ishemicheskoj bolezn'ju serdca. [dissertation] Samara, 2005. (In Russ.).]Брылякова С.Н. Показатели метаболизма костной ткани и системы гемостаза у пациентов пожилого возраста, страдающих инволютивным остеопорозом в сочетании с ишемической болезнью сердца. Дис.... канд. мед. наук. – Самара, 2005. – 150 с. [Brylyakova SN. Pokazateli metabolizma kostnoj tkani i sistemy gemostaza u pacientov pozhilogo vozrasta, stradajushhih involjutivnym osteoporozom v sochetanii s ishemicheskoj bolezn'ju serdca. [dissertation] Samara, 2005. (In Russ.).]Schulz E, Arfai K, Liu X, et al. Aortic Calcification and the Risk of Osteoporosis and Fractures. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2004;89(9):4246-4253. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030964.Schulz E, Arfai K, Liu X, et al. Aortic Calcification and the Risk of Osteoporosis and Fractures. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2004;89(9):4246-4253. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030964.Osako MK, Nakagami H, Koibuchi N, et al. Estrogen Inhibits Vascular Calcification via Vascular RANKL System: Common Mechanism of Osteoporosis and Vascular Calcification. Circ Res. 2010;107(4):466-475. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.110.216846.Osako MK, Nakagami H, Koibuchi N, et al. Estrogen Inhibits Vascular Calcification via Vascular RANKL System: Common Mechanism of Osteoporosis and Vascular Calcification. Circ Res. 2010;107(4):466-475. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.110.216846.Baldini V, Mastropasqua M, Francucci CM, D'Erasmo E. Cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(10 Suppl):69-72.Baldini V, Mastropasqua M, Francucci CM, D'Erasmo E. Cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(10 Suppl):69-72.Schoenhagen P. Osteopontin, coronary calcification, and cardiovascular events: future diagnostic and therapeutic targets for disease prevention? Eur Heart J. 2006;27(7):766-767. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi743.Schoenhagen P. Osteopontin, coronary calcification, and cardiovascular events: future diagnostic and therapeutic targets for disease prevention? Eur Heart J. 2006;27(7):766-767. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi743.Uz O, Kardesoglu E, Yiginer O, et al. The relationship between coronary calcification and the metabolic markers of osteopontin, fetuin-A, and visfatin. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2009;37(6):397-402.Uz O, Kardesoglu E, Yiginer O, et al. The relationship between coronary calcification and the metabolic markers of osteopontin, fetuin-A, and visfatin. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2009;37(6):397-402.Minoretti P. Prognostic significance of plasma osteopontin levels in patients with chronic stable angina. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(7):802-807. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi730.Minoretti P. Prognostic significance of plasma osteopontin levels in patients with chronic stable angina. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(7):802-807. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi730.Ohmori R, Momiyama Y, Taniguchi H, et al. Plasma osteopontin levels are associated with the presence and extent of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2003;170(2):333-337. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00298-3.Ohmori R, Momiyama Y, Taniguchi H, et al. Plasma osteopontin levels are associated with the presence and extent of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2003;170(2):333-337. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(03)00298-3.Новицкая А.А. Нарушения фосфорно-кальциевого обмена у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца. Оценка клинической и прогностической значимости. Автореф. дисс...канд.мед.наук. – Барнаул, 2016. –21с. [Novitskaya AA. Narushenija fosforno-kal'cievogo obmena u pacientov s ishemicheskoj bolezn'ju serdca.Ocenka klinicheskoj i prognosticheskoj znachimosti. [dissertation] Barnaul, 2016. (In Russ.).]Новицкая А.А. Нарушения фосфорно-кальциевого обмена у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца. Оценка клинической и прогностической значимости. Автореф. дисс...канд.мед.наук. – Барнаул, 2016. –21с. [Novitskaya AA. Narushenija fosforno-kal'cievogo obmena u pacientov s ishemicheskoj bolezn'ju serdca.Ocenka klinicheskoj i prognosticheskoj znachimosti. [dissertation] Barnaul, 2016. (In Russ.).]Габбасов З.А., Агапов А.А., Сабурова О.С., и др. Циркулирующие стромальные остеонектин-положительные клетки-предшественники и стенозирующий атеросклероз коронарных артерий. // Кардиологический Вестник. – 2006. – Т.1. – № 1. – С.10-13. [Gabbasov ZA, Agapov AA, Saburova OS, et al. Cirkulirujushhie stromal'nye osteonektin-polozhitel'nye kletki-predshestvenniki i stenozirujushhij ateroskleroz koronarnyh arterij. Kardiologicheskij Vestnik. 2006;1(1):10-13. (In Russ.).]Габбасов З.А., Агапов А.А., Сабурова О.С., и др. Циркулирующие стромальные остеонектин-положительные клетки-предшественники и стенозирующий атеросклероз коронарных артерий. // Кардиологический Вестник. – 2006. – Т.1. – № 1. – С.10-13. [Gabbasov ZA, Agapov AA, Saburova OS, et al. Cirkulirujushhie stromal'nye osteonektin-polozhitel'nye kletki-predshestvenniki i stenozirujushhij ateroskleroz koronarnyh arterij. Kardiologicheskij Vestnik. 2006;1(1):10-13. (In Russ.).]Рагино Ю.И., Каштанова Е.В., Чернявский А.М., и др. Связь остеонектина с некоторыми биомаркерами при стенозирующем атеросклерозе и кальцинозе коронарных артерий. // Российский кардиологический журнал. – 2010. – № 4. – С.20-23. [Ragino YI, Kashtanova EV, Chernyavsky AM, et al. Osteonectin and selected biomarkers in atherosclerotic occlusion and calcinosis of coronary arteries. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2010;4:20-23. (In Russ.).]Рагино Ю.И., Каштанова Е.В., Чернявский А.М., и др. Связь остеонектина с некоторыми биомаркерами при стенозирующем атеросклерозе и кальцинозе коронарных артерий. // Российский кардиологический журнал. – 2010. – № 4. – С.20-23. [Ragino YI, Kashtanova EV, Chernyavsky AM, et al. Osteonectin and selected biomarkers in atherosclerotic occlusion and calcinosis of coronary arteries. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2010;4:20-23. (In Russ.).]Рагино Ю.И., Каштанова Е.В., Чернявский А.М., и др. Связь остеонектина с воспалительными, окислительными и липидными биомаркерами при коронарном атеросклерозе и его осложнениях. // Атеросклероз и дислипидемии. – 2014. – Т.4. – №17. – С.20-24. [Ragino YI, Kashtanova EV, Chernjavskiy AM, Relationship of blood osteonectin concentration with inflammatory, oxidative and lipid biomarkers in coronary atherosclerosis and its complications. Ateroskleroz i dislipidemii. 2014;4(17):20-24. (In Russ.).]Рагино Ю.И., Каштанова Е.В., Чернявский А.М., и др. Связь остеонектина с воспалительными, окислительными и липидными биомаркерами при коронарном атеросклерозе и его осложнениях. // Атеросклероз и дислипидемии. – 2014. – Т.4. – №17. – С.20-24. [Ragino YI, Kashtanova EV, Chernjavskiy AM, Relationship of blood osteonectin concentration with inflammatory, oxidative and lipid biomarkers in coronary atherosclerosis and its complications. Ateroskleroz i dislipidemii. 2014;4(17):20-24. (In Russ.).]skim M. Vitamin K in the Norwegian diet and osteoporosis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2001;121(22):2614-2616.skim M. Vitamin K in the Norwegian diet and osteoporosis. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2001;121(22):2614-2616.Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y. Role of Vitamin K2 in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Current Drug Safety. 2006;1(1):87-97. doi: 10.2174/157488606775252629.Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Sato Y. Role of Vitamin K2 in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Current Drug Safety. 2006;1(1):87-97. doi: 10.2174/157488606775252629.Vermeer C, Shearer MJ, Zittermann A, et al. Beyond Deficiency. Eur J Nutr. 2004;43(6):325-335. doi: 10.1007/s00394-004-0480-4.Vermeer C, Shearer MJ, Zittermann A, et al. Beyond Deficiency. Eur J Nutr. 2004;43(6):325-335. doi: 10.1007/s00394-004-0480-4.Schurgers LJ, Dissel PEP, Spronk HMH, et al. Role of vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent proteins in vascular calcification. Zeitschrift fr Kardiologie. 2001;90(0):III57-III63. doi: 10.1007/s003920170043.Schurgers LJ, Dissel PEP, Spronk HMH, et al. Role of vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent proteins in vascular calcification. Zeitschrift fr Kardiologie. 2001;90(0):III57-III63. doi: 10.1007/s003920170043.Abedin M, Omland T, Ueland T, et al. Relation of Osteoprotegerin to Coronary Calcium and Aortic Plaque (from the Dallas Heart Study). The American Journal of Cardiology. 2007;99(4):513-518. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.08.064.Abedin M, Omland T, Ueland T, et al. Relation of Osteoprotegerin to Coronary Calcium and Aortic Plaque (from the Dallas Heart Study). The American Journal of Cardiology. 2007;99(4):513-518. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.08.064.Lieb W, Gona P, Larson MG, et al. Biomarkers of the Osteoprotegerin Pathway: Clinical Correlates, Subclinical Disease, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, and Mortality. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(9):1849-1854. doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.199661.Lieb W, Gona P, Larson MG, et al. Biomarkers of the Osteoprotegerin Pathway: Clinical Correlates, Subclinical Disease, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, and Mortality. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(9):1849-1854. doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.199661.Kiechl S. Osteoprotegerin Is a Risk Factor for Progressive Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2004;109(18):2175-2180. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000127957.43874.bb.Kiechl S. Osteoprotegerin Is a Risk Factor for Progressive Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2004;109(18):2175-2180. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000127957.43874.bb.Anand DV, Lahiri A, Lim E, et al. The Relationship Between Plasma Osteoprotegerin Levels and Coronary Artery Calcification in Uncomplicated Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(9):1850-1857. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.054.Anand DV, Lahiri A, Lim E, et al. The Relationship Between Plasma Osteoprotegerin Levels and Coronary Artery Calcification in Uncomplicated Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(9):1850-1857. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.054.Shin JY, Shin YG, Chung CH. Elevated Serum Osteoprotegerin Levels Are Associated With Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1664-1666. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0631.Shin JY, Shin YG, Chung CH. Elevated Serum Osteoprotegerin Levels Are Associated With Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1664-1666. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0631.Morena M. Plasma Osteoprotegerin Is Associated with Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;17(1):262-270. doi: 10.1681/asn.2005030260.Morena M. Plasma Osteoprotegerin Is Associated with Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;17(1):262-270. doi: 10.1681/asn.2005030260.Røysland R, Bonaca MP, Omland T, et al. Osteoprotegerin and cardiovascular mortality in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Heart. 2012;98(10):786-791. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301260.Røysland R, Bonaca MP, Omland T, et al. Osteoprotegerin and cardiovascular mortality in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Heart. 2012;98(10):786-791. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301260.Ueland T. Dysregulated Osteoprotegerin/RANK Ligand/RANK Axis in Clinical and Experimental Heart Failure. Circulation. 2005;111(19):2461-2468. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000165119.62099.14.Ueland T. Dysregulated Osteoprotegerin/RANK Ligand/RANK Axis in Clinical and Experimental Heart Failure. Circulation. 2005;111(19):2461-2468. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000165119.62099.14.van Diepen S, Majumdar SR, Bakal JA, et al. Heart Failure Is a Risk Factor for Orthopedic Fracture: A Population-Based Analysis of 16 294 Patients. Circulation. 2008;118(19):1946-1952. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.784009.van Diepen S, Majumdar SR, Bakal JA, et al. Heart Failure Is a Risk Factor for Orthopedic Fracture: A Population-Based Analysis of 16 294 Patients. Circulation. 2008;118(19):1946-1952. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.784009.Loncar G, Bozic B, Cvorovic V, et al. Relationship between RANKL and neuroendocrine activation in elderly males with heart failure. Endocrine. 2009;37(1):148-156. doi: 10.1007/s12020-009-9282-z.Loncar G, Bozic B, Cvorovic V, et al. Relationship between RANKL and neuroendocrine activation in elderly males with heart failure. Endocrine. 2009;37(1):148-156. doi: 10.1007/s12020-009-9282-z.Carbone L, Buzkova P, Fink HA, et al. Hip fractures and heart failure: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Eur Heart J. 2009;31(1):77-84. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp483.Carbone L, Buzkova P, Fink HA, et al. Hip fractures and heart failure: findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Eur Heart J. 2009;31(1):77-84. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp483.Loncar G, Fülster S, von Haehling S, Popovic V. Metabolism and the heart: An overview of muscle, fat, and bone metabolism in heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2013;162(2):77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.09.079.Loncar G, Fülster S, von Haehling S, Popovic V. Metabolism and the heart: An overview of muscle, fat, and bone metabolism in heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2013;162(2):77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.09.079.Andersen GO, Knudsen EC, Aukrust P, et al. Elevated serum osteoprotegerin levels measured early after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction predict final infarct size. Heart. 2011;97(6):460-465. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2010.206714.Andersen GO, Knudsen EC, Aukrust P, et al. Elevated serum osteoprotegerin levels measured early after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction predict final infarct size. Heart. 2011;97(6):460-465. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2010.206714.Cummings SR, Martin JS, McClung MR, et al. Denosumab for Prevention of Fractures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(8):756-765. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0809493.Cummings SR, Martin JS, McClung MR, et al. Denosumab for Prevention of Fractures in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(8):756-765. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0809493.Collin-Osdoby P. Regulation of Vascular Calcification by Osteoclast Regulatory Factors RANKL and Osteoprotegerin. Circ Res. 2004;95(11):1046-1057. doi: 10.1161/01.res.0000149165.99974.12.Collin-Osdoby P. Regulation of Vascular Calcification by Osteoclast Regulatory Factors RANKL and Osteoprotegerin. Circ Res. 2004;95(11):1046-1057. doi: 10.1161/01.res.0000149165.99974.12.Panizo S, Cardus A, Encinas M, et al. RANKL Increases Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification Through a RANK-BMP4-Dependent Pathway. Circ Res. 2009;104(9):1041-1048. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.108.189001.Panizo S, Cardus A, Encinas M, et al. RANKL Increases Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification Through a RANK-BMP4-Dependent Pathway. Circ Res. 2009;104(9):1041-1048. doi: 10.1161/circresaha.108.189001.Chen S, Law CS, Grigsby CL, et al. Cardiomyocyte-Specific Deletion of the Vitamin D Receptor Gene Results in Cardiac HypertrophyClinical Perspective. Circulation. 2011;124(17):1838-1847. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.032680.Chen S, Law CS, Grigsby CL, et al. Cardiomyocyte-Specific Deletion of the Vitamin D Receptor Gene Results in Cardiac HypertrophyClinical Perspective. Circulation. 2011;124(17):1838-1847. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.032680.Seibert E, Levin NW, Kuhlmann MK. Immunomodulating effects of vitamin D analogs in hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis International. 2005;9(s4):S25-S29. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2005.01167.x.Seibert E, Levin NW, Kuhlmann MK. Immunomodulating effects of vitamin D analogs in hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis International. 2005;9(s4):S25-S29. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2005.01167.x.Holick MF. Vitamin D Deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-281. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra070553.Holick MF. Vitamin D Deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-281. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra070553.Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, et al. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2006;84(1):18-28.Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, et al. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2006;84(1):18-28.Poole KES, Loveridge N, Barker PJ, et al. Reduced Vitamin D in Acute Stroke. Stroke. 2005;37(1):243-245. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000195184.24297.c1.Poole KES, Loveridge N, Barker PJ, et al. Reduced Vitamin D in Acute Stroke. Stroke. 2005;37(1):243-245. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000195184.24297.c1.Zittermann A. Vitamin D and disease prevention with special reference to cardiovascular disease. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006;92(1):39-48. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.001.Zittermann A. Vitamin D and disease prevention with special reference to cardiovascular disease. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006;92(1):39-48. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.001.Melamed ML, Muntner P, Michos ED, et al. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease: Results from NHANES 2001 to 2004. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(6):1179-1185. doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.165886.Melamed ML, Muntner P, Michos ED, et al. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease: Results from NHANES 2001 to 2004. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(6):1179-1185. doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.165886.Martins D, Wolf M, Pan D, et al. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(11):1159. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.11.1159.Martins D, Wolf M, Pan D, et al. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(11):1159. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.11.1159.Вербовой А.Ф., Шаронова Л.А., Капишников А.В., Демидова Д.В. Витамин D3, остеопротегерин и другие гормонально-метаболические показатели у мужчин с сахарным диабетом 2 типа. // Терапевт – 2013. – №1. – С.42-48. [Verbovoy AF, Sharonova LA, Kapishnikov AV, Demidova DV. Vitamin D3, osteoprotegerin i drugie gormonal'no-metabolicheskie pokazateli u muzhchin s saharnym diabetom 2 tipa. Terapevt. 2013;1:42-48. (In Russ.).]Вербовой А.Ф., Шаронова Л.А., Капишников А.В., Демидова Д.В. Витамин D3, остеопротегерин и другие гормонально-метаболические показатели у мужчин с сахарным диабетом 2 типа. // Терапевт – 2013. – №1. – С.42-48. [Verbovoy AF, Sharonova LA, Kapishnikov AV, Demidova DV. Vitamin D3, osteoprotegerin i drugie gormonal'no-metabolicheskie pokazateli u muzhchin s saharnym diabetom 2 tipa. Terapevt. 2013;1:42-48. (In Russ.).]Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2008;117(4):503-511. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.706127.Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2008;117(4):503-511. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.706127.Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R. Vitamin D and vascular calcification. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2007;18(1):41-46. doi: 10.1097/MOL.0b013e328011c6fc.Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer R. Vitamin D and vascular calcification. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2007;18(1):41-46. doi: 10.1097/MOL.0b013e328011c6fc.Sloka S, Silva C, Wang J, Yong V. Predominance of Th2 polarization by Vitamin D through a STAT6-dependent mechanism. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8(1):56. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-56.Sloka S, Silva C, Wang J, Yong V. Predominance of Th2 polarization by Vitamin D through a STAT6-dependent mechanism. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8(1):56. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-56.Sambrook PN, Chen CJS, March L, et al. High Bone Turnover Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality in the Frail Elderly. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(4):549-555. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.060104.Sambrook PN, Chen CJS, March L, et al. High Bone Turnover Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality in the Frail Elderly. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(4):549-555. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.060104.Oh J, Weng S, Felton SK, et al. 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D Inhibits Foam Cell Formation and Suppresses Macrophage Cholesterol Uptake in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Circulation. 2009;120(8):687-698. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.856070.Oh J, Weng S, Felton SK, et al. 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D Inhibits Foam Cell Formation and Suppresses Macrophage Cholesterol Uptake in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Circulation. 2009;120(8):687-698. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.856070.Schleithoff S.S., Zittermann A., Tenderich G., et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83(4):754-759.Schleithoff S.S., Zittermann A., Tenderich G., et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006;83(4):754-759.Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, et al. Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Events. Circulation. 2007;115(7):846-854. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.673491.Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, et al. Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Events. Circulation. 2007;115(7):846-854. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.673491.Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Dawson-Hughes B., Baron J.A. et al. Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86(6):1780-1790.Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Dawson-Hughes B., Baron J.A. et al. Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;86(6):1780-1790.Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. Bmj. 2010;341(jul29 1):c3691-c3691. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3691.Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. Bmj. 2010;341(jul29 1):c3691-c3691. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3691.Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2010. Available from: https://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D/Vitamin%20D%20and%20Calcium%202010%20Report%20Brief.pdfInstitute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2010. Available from: https://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D/Vitamin%20D%20and%20Calcium%202010%20Report%20Brief.pdfMelamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Risk of Mortality in the General Population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(15):1629-1637. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.15.1629.Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Risk of Mortality in the General Population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(15):1629-1637. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.15.1629.Bencharit S, Zheng Y, Zhu J, et al. Meta-Analysis of Long-Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Overall Mortality. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82109. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082109.Bencharit S, Zheng Y, Zhu J, et al. Meta-Analysis of Long-Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Overall Mortality. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82109. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082109.Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. 2014. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3.Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. 2014. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.