<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ometendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ожирение и метаболизм</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Obesity and metabolism</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8713</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2306-5524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology Research Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/2071-8713-5190</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ometendo-5190</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Потенциальные возможности метформина в профилактике и лечении онкологических заболеваний у больных сахарным диабетом 2 типа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Potentsial'nye vozmozhnosti metformina v profilaktike i lechenii onkologicheskikh zabolevaniy u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom 2 tipa</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Dedov</surname><given-names>I I</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">dedov@endocrincentr.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Butrova</surname><given-names>S A</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">butrova42@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Berkovskaya</surname><given-names>M A</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">abaita@rambler.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>№1 (2011)</issue-title><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Dedov I.I., Butrova S.A., Berkovskaya M.A., 2011</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Dedov I.I., Butrova S.A., Berkovskaya M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dedov I.I., Butrova S.A., Berkovskaya M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/5190">https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/5190</self-uri><abstract><p>Сахарный диабет ассоциирован с повышенным риском развития онкологических заболеваний некоторых локализаций и умеренным увеличением онкологической смертности. Ведущая патогенетическая роль во взаимосвязи сахарного
диабета и злокачественных заболеваний принадлежит хронической гиперинсулинемии, опосредуемой целым рядом молекулярных механизмов, подробно описанных в обзоре. Препараты, улучшающие чувствительность к инсулину и снижающие
гиперинсулинемию (в первую очередь, метформин), обладают антиканцерогенным эффектом. Помимо опосредованного
влиянием на инсулинорезистентность противоопухолевого действия, метформин способен напрямую подавлять рост и пролиферацию раковых клеток через стимуляцию АМФ киназы (АМРК). Антипролиферативный эффект метформина в отношении рака молочной железы и яичников подтвержден в целом ряде экспериментальных и клинических исследований.
Показано, что присутствие/отсутствие определенных молекулярных признаков опухоли (например, повышенная экспрессия
HER2 и/или активация p70S6K1) может определять терапевтический эффект метформина при лечении рака молочной железы. Для уточнения механизмов действия и эффектов метформина в онкологической практике проводится и/или планируется ряд исследований, в первую очередь, при всех подтипах рака молочной железы. Подтверждение противоопухолевой
эффективности метформина будет способствовать расширению сферы его применения в практической медицине и, в частности, в клинической онкологии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk of several types of cancer, and also with increased cancer mortality. Chronic
hyperinsulinemia plays the main pathogenetic role in this association, which is mediated by a number of molecular mechanisms, described
in this issue. Drugs that increase insulin sensitivity and reduce hyperinsulinemia (metformin in the first place) display anticancer
effect. Aside from the anticancer effect, mediated by reduction of insulin resistance, metformin may directly suppress cancer cells
growth and proliferation via stimulation of AMP kinase (AMPK). Antiproliferative action of metformin in breast and ovarian cancer is
confirmed in a number of experimental and clinical trials. Its found out that therapeutic effect of metformin in treatment of breast cancer
depends on the presence/absence of some molecular features of the tumor (for example, increased expression of HER2 and/or activation
of p70S6K1). In order to specify mechanisms of action and effects of metformin in oncological practice several trials are being conducted
or planned, most of all, in all subtypes of breast cancer. Confirmation of the anticancer effectiveness of metformin will promote an expansion
of its use in clinical practice and in clinical oncology, particularly.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>рак</kwd><kwd>гиперинсулинемия</kwd><kwd>метформин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>cancer</kwd><kwd>hyperinsulinemia</kwd><kwd>metformin</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бернштейн Л.М. Ожирение и онкологические заболевания: старая проблема в новом свете // Ожирение и метаболизм. - 2006. - № 1(6). - С. 42-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бернштейн Л.М. Ожирение и онкологические заболевания: старая проблема в новом свете // Ожирение и метаболизм. - 2006. - № 1(6). - С. 42-47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adami H.O., Trichopoulos D. Obesity and mortality from cancer // New England Journal of Medicine. - 2003. - № 348. - Р. 1623-1624.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adami H.O., Trichopoulos D. Obesity and mortality from cancer // New England Journal of Medicine. - 2003. - № 348. - Р. 1623-1624.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anisimov V.N., Berstein L.M., Egormin P.A., Piskunova T.S., Popovich I.G., Zabezhinski M.A., Kovalenko I.G., Poroshina T.E., Semenchenko A.V., Provinciali M., Re F., Franceschi C. Effect of metformin on life span and on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice // Exp Gerontol. - 2005. - № 40(8-9). - Р. 685-693.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anisimov V.N., Berstein L.M., Egormin P.A., Piskunova T.S., Popovich I.G., Zabezhinski M.A., Kovalenko I.G., Poroshina T.E., Semenchenko A.V., Provinciali M., Re F., Franceschi C. Effect of metformin on life span and on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice // Exp Gerontol. - 2005. - № 40(8-9). - Р. 685-693.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anisimov V.N., Berstein L.M., Egormin P.A., Piskunova T.S., Popovich I.G., Zabezhinski M.A., Tyndyk M.L., Yurova M.V., Kovalenko I.G., Poroshina T.E., Semenchenko A.V. Metformin slows down aging and extends life span of female SHR mice // Cell Cycle. - 2008. - № 7(17): 2769-2773.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anisimov V.N., Berstein L.M., Egormin P.A., Piskunova T.S., Popovich I.G., Zabezhinski M.A., Tyndyk M.L., Yurova M.V., Kovalenko I.G., Poroshina T.E., Semenchenko A.V. Metformin slows down aging and extends life span of female SHR mice // Cell Cycle. - 2008. - № 7(17): 2769-2773.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barone B.B., Yeh H.C., Snyder C.F., Peairs K.S., Stein K.B., Derr R.L., Wolff A.C., Brancati F.L. Long-term all-cause mortality in cancer patients with preexisting diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis // JAMA. - 2008. - № 300(23). - Р. 2754-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barone B.B., Yeh H.C., Snyder C.F., Peairs K.S., Stein K.B., Derr R.L., Wolff A.C., Brancati F.L. Long-term all-cause mortality in cancer patients with preexisting diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis // JAMA. - 2008. - № 300(23). - Р. 2754-64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ben Sahra I., Laurent K., Loubat A., Giorgetti-Peraldi S., Colosetti P., Auberger P., Tanti J.F., Le Marchand-Brustel Y., Bost F. The antidiabetic drug metformin exerts an antitumoral effect in vitro and in vivo through a decrease of cyclin D1 level // Oncogene. - 2008. - № 27(25). - Р. 3576-3786.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ben Sahra I., Laurent K., Loubat A., Giorgetti-Peraldi S., Colosetti P., Auberger P., Tanti J.F., Le Marchand-Brustel Y., Bost F. The antidiabetic drug metformin exerts an antitumoral effect in vitro and in vivo through a decrease of cyclin D1 level // Oncogene. - 2008. - № 27(25). - Р. 3576-3786.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowker S.L., Majumdar S.R., Veugelers P., Johnson J.A. Increased cancer-related mortality for patients with type 2 diabetes who use sulfonylureas or insulin // Diabetes Care. - 2006. - № 29(2). - Р. 254-258.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowker S.L., Majumdar S.R., Veugelers P., Johnson J.A. Increased cancer-related mortality for patients with type 2 diabetes who use sulfonylureas or insulin // Diabetes Care. - 2006. - № 29(2). - Р. 254-258.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cazzaniga M., Bonanni B., Guerrieri-Gonzaga A., Decensi A. Is it time to test metformin in breast cancer clinical trials? // Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. - 2009. - № 18(3). - Р. 701-705.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cazzaniga M., Bonanni B., Guerrieri-Gonzaga A., Decensi A. Is it time to test metformin in breast cancer clinical trials? // Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. - 2009. - № 18(3). - Р. 701-705.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chong C.R., Chabner B.A. Mysterious Metformin // The Oncologist. - 2009. - № 14. - Р. 1178-1181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chong C.R., Chabner B.A. Mysterious Metformin // The Oncologist. - 2009. - № 14. - Р. 1178-1181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cleary M.P., Grossmann M. E. Minireview: obesity and breast cancer: the estrogen connection // Endocrinology. - 2009. - № 150. - Р. 2537-2542.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cleary M.P., Grossmann M. E. Minireview: obesity and breast cancer: the estrogen connection // Endocrinology. - 2009. - № 150. - Р. 2537-2542.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cleary M.P., Ray A., Rogozina O.P., Dogan S., Grossmann M.E. Targeting the adiponectin: leptin ratio for postmenopausal breast cancer prevention // Frontiers in Bioscience. - 2009. - № 1. - Р. 329-357.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cleary M.P., Ray A., Rogozina O.P., Dogan S., Grossmann M.E. Targeting the adiponectin: leptin ratio for postmenopausal breast cancer prevention // Frontiers in Bioscience. - 2009. - № 1. - Р. 329-357.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coughlin S.S., Calle E.E., Teras L.R., Petrelli J., Thun M.J. Diabetes mellitus as a predictor of cancer mortality in a large cohort of US adults // Am J Epidemiol. - 2004. - № 159(12). - Р. 1160-1167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coughlin S.S., Calle E.E., Teras L.R., Petrelli J., Thun M.J. Diabetes mellitus as a predictor of cancer mortality in a large cohort of US adults // Am J Epidemiol. - 2004. - № 159(12). - Р. 1160-1167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Meyts P., Christoffersen C.T., Urso B., Wallach B., Gronskov K., Yakushiji F., Shymko R.M. Role of the time factor in signaling specificity: application tomitogenic and metabolic signaling by the insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinases // Metabolism. - 1995. - № 44. - Р. 2-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Meyts P., Christoffersen C.T., Urso B., Wallach B., Gronskov K., Yakushiji F., Shymko R.M. Role of the time factor in signaling specificity: application tomitogenic and metabolic signaling by the insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinases // Metabolism. - 1995. - № 44. - Р. 2-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Serag H.B., Hampel H., Javadi F. The association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence // Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. - 2006. - № 4. - Р. 369-680.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Serag H.B., Hampel H., Javadi F. The association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence // Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. - 2006. - № 4. - Р. 369-680.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans J.M., Donnelly L.A., Emslie-Smith A.M., Alessi D.R., Morris A.D. Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients // BMJ. - 2005. - № 330(7503). - Р. 1304-1305.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans J.M., Donnelly L.A., Emslie-Smith A.M., Alessi D.R., Morris A.D. Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients // BMJ. - 2005. - № 330(7503). - Р. 1304-1305.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Everhart J., Wright D. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A meta-analysis // JAMA. - 1995. - № 273(20). - Р. 1605-1609.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Everhart J., Wright D. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A meta-analysis // JAMA. - 1995. - № 273(20). - Р. 1605-1609.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Folsom A.R., Anderson K.E., Sweeney C., Jacobs D.R.Jr. Diabetes as a risk factor for death following endometrial cancer // Gynecologic Oncology. - 2004. - № 94. - Р. 740-745.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Folsom A.R., Anderson K.E., Sweeney C., Jacobs D.R.Jr. Diabetes as a risk factor for death following endometrial cancer // Gynecologic Oncology. - 2004. - № 94. - Р. 740-745.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gapstur S.M., Gann P.H., Lowe W., Liu K., Colangelo L., Dyer A. Abnormal glucose metabolism and pancreatic cancer mortality // Journal of the American Medical Association. - 2000. - № 283. - Р. 2552-2558.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gapstur S.M., Gann P.H., Lowe W., Liu K., Colangelo L., Dyer A. Abnormal glucose metabolism and pancreatic cancer mortality // Journal of the American Medical Association. - 2000. - № 283. - Р. 2552-2558.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giovannucci E., Harlan D.M., Archer M.C., Bergenstal R.M., Gapstur S.M., Habel L.A., Pollak M., Regensteiner J.G., Yee D. Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report // Diabetes Care. - 2010. - № 33(7). - Р. 1674-85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giovannucci E., Harlan D.M., Archer M.C., Bergenstal R.M., Gapstur S.M., Habel L.A., Pollak M., Regensteiner J.G., Yee D. Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report // Diabetes Care. - 2010. - № 33(7). - Р. 1674-85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonzalez-Angulo A.M, Meric-Bernstam F. Metformin: a therapeutic opportunity in breast cancer // Clin Cancer Res. - 2010. - № 16(6). - Р. 1695-1700.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonzalez-Angulo A.M, Meric-Bernstam F. Metformin: a therapeutic opportunity in breast cancer // Clin Cancer Res. - 2010. - № 16(6). - Р. 1695-1700.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gotlieb W.H., Saumet J., Beauchamp M.C., Gu J., Lau S., Pollak M.N., Bruchim I. In vitro metformin anti-neoplastic activity in epithelial ovarian cancer // Gynecol Oncol. - 2008. - № 110(2). - Р. 246-250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gotlieb W.H., Saumet J., Beauchamp M.C., Gu J., Lau S., Pollak M.N., Bruchim I. In vitro metformin anti-neoplastic activity in epithelial ovarian cancer // Gynecol Oncol. - 2008. - № 110(2). - Р. 246-250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirsch H.A., Iliopoulos D., Tsichlis P.N., Struhl K. Metformin selectively targets cancer stem cells, and acts together with chemotherapy to block tumor growth and prolong remission // Cancer Res. - 2009. - № 69(19). - Р. 7507-7511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirsch H.A., Iliopoulos D., Tsichlis P.N., Struhl K. Metformin selectively targets cancer stem cells, and acts together with chemotherapy to block tumor growth and prolong remission // Cancer Res. - 2009. - № 69(19). - Р. 7507-7511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hjalgrim H., Frisch M., Ekbom A., Kyvik K.O., Melbye M., Green A. Cancer and diabetes - follow-up study of two population-based cohorts of diabetic patients // J Intern Med. - 1997. - № 241(6). - Р. 471-475.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hjalgrim H., Frisch M., Ekbom A., Kyvik K.O., Melbye M., Green A. Cancer and diabetes - follow-up study of two population-based cohorts of diabetic patients // J Intern Med. - 1997. - № 241(6). - Р. 471-475.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiralerspong S., Giordano S.H., Meric-Bernstam F., Barnett C.M., Kau S., Hung M.C., Hortobagyi G.N., Gonzalez-Angulo A.M. The effects of metformin on pathologic complete response (pCR) rates in diabetic breast cancer (BC) patients receiving neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) // ASCO Annual Meeting. - 2008. - № 528.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiralerspong S., Giordano S.H., Meric-Bernstam F., Barnett C.M., Kau S., Hung M.C., Hortobagyi G.N., Gonzalez-Angulo A.M. The effects of metformin on pathologic complete response (pCR) rates in diabetic breast cancer (BC) patients receiving neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) // ASCO Annual Meeting. - 2008. - № 528.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiralerspong S., Gonzalez-Angulo A.M., Hung M.C. Expanding the arsenal: metformin for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer? // Cell Cycle. - 2009; 8(17). - Р. 2681.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiralerspong S., Gonzalez-Angulo A.M., Hung M.C. Expanding the arsenal: metformin for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer? // Cell Cycle. - 2009; 8(17). - Р. 2681.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Landman G.W., Kleefstra N., van Hateren K.J., Groenier K.H., Gans R.O., Bilo H.J. Metformin associated with lower cancer mortality in type 2 diabetes: ZODIAC-16 // Diabetes Care. - 2010. - № 33(2). - Р. 322-326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Landman G.W., Kleefstra N., van Hateren K.J., Groenier K.H., Gans R.O., Bilo H.J. Metformin associated with lower cancer mortality in type 2 diabetes: ZODIAC-16 // Diabetes Care. - 2010. - № 33(2). - Р. 322-326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsson S.C., Mantzoros C.S., Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis // International Journal of Cancer. - 2007. - № 121. - Р. 856-862.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsson S.C., Mantzoros C.S., Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis // International Journal of Cancer. - 2007. - № 121. - Р. 856-862.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Larsson S.C., Orsini N., Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis // Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - 2005. - № 97. - Р. 1679-1687.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larsson S.C., Orsini N., Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis // Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - 2005. - № 97. - Р. 1679-1687.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lipscombe L.L., Goodwin P.J., Zinman B., McLaughlin J.R., Hux J.E. The impact of diabetes on survival following breast cancer // Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. - 2008. - № 109. - Р. 389-395.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipscombe L.L., Goodwin P.J., Zinman B., McLaughlin J.R., Hux J.E. The impact of diabetes on survival following breast cancer // Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. - 2008. - № 109. - Р. 389-395.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu B., Fan Z., Edgerton S.M., Deng X.S., Alimova I.N., Lind S.E., Thor A.D. Metformin induces unique biological and molecular responses in triple negative breast cancer cells // Cell Cycle. - 2009. - № 8(13). - Р. 2031- 2040.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu B., Fan Z., Edgerton S.M., Deng X.S., Alimova I.N., Lind S.E., Thor A.D. Metformin induces unique biological and molecular responses in triple negative breast cancer cells // Cell Cycle. - 2009. - № 8(13). - Р. 2031- 2040.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macciò A., Madeddu C., Mantovani G. Adipose tissue as target organ in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer: new therapeutic perspectives // Obes Rev. - 2009. - № 10(6). - Р. 660-670.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macciò A., Madeddu C., Mantovani G. Adipose tissue as target organ in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer: new therapeutic perspectives // Obes Rev. - 2009. - № 10(6). - Р. 660-670.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyerhardt J.A., Catalano P.J., Haller D.G., Mayer R.J., Macdonald J.S., Benson A.B. III, Fuchs C.S. Impact of diabetes mellitus on outcomes in patients with colon cancer // Journal of Clinical Oncology. - 2003. - № 21. - Р. 433-440.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyerhardt J.A., Catalano P.J., Haller D.G., Mayer R.J., Macdonald J.S., Benson A.B. III, Fuchs C.S. Impact of diabetes mellitus on outcomes in patients with colon cancer // Journal of Clinical Oncology. - 2003. - № 21. - Р. 433-440.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michels K.B., Solomon C.G., Hu F.B., Rosner B.A., Hankinson S.E., Colditz G.A., Manson J.E.; Nurses' Health Study. Type 2 diabetes and subsequent incidence of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study // Diabetes Care. - 2003. - № 26(6). - Р. 1752-1758.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michels K.B., Solomon C.G., Hu F.B., Rosner B.A., Hankinson S.E., Colditz G.A., Manson J.E.; Nurses' Health Study. Type 2 diabetes and subsequent incidence of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study // Diabetes Care. - 2003. - № 26(6). - Р. 1752-1758.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muti P., Berrino F., Krogh V., Villarini A., Barba M., Strano S., Blandino G. Metformin, diet and breast cancer: an avenue for chemoprevention. Letter to the Editor // Cell Cycle. - 2009. - № 8(16). - Р. 2661.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muti P., Berrino F., Krogh V., Villarini A., Barba M., Strano S., Blandino G. Metformin, diet and breast cancer: an avenue for chemoprevention. Letter to the Editor // Cell Cycle. - 2009. - № 8(16). - Р. 2661.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rose D.P., Gilhooly E.M., Nixon D.W. Adverse effects of obesity on breast cancer prognosis, and the biological actions of leptin // Int J Oncol. - 2002. - № 21. - Р. 1285-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rose D.P., Gilhooly E.M., Nixon D.W. Adverse effects of obesity on breast cancer prognosis, and the biological actions of leptin // Int J Oncol. - 2002. - № 21. - Р. 1285-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shackelford D.B., Shaw R.G. The LKB1-AMPK pathway: metabolism and growth control in tumour suppression // Nat Rev cancer. - 2009. - № 9(8). - Р. 563-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shackelford D.B., Shaw R.G. The LKB1-AMPK pathway: metabolism and growth control in tumour suppression // Nat Rev cancer. - 2009. - № 9(8). - Р. 563-75.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vazquez-Martin A., Oliveras-Ferraros C., Menendez J.A. The antidiabetic drug metformin suppresses HER2 (erbB-2) oncoprotein overexpression via inhibition of the mTOR effector p70S6K1 in human breast carcinoma cells // Cell Cycle. - 2009. - № 8(1). - Р. 88-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vazquez-Martin A., Oliveras-Ferraros C., Menendez J.A. The antidiabetic drug metformin suppresses HER2 (erbB-2) oncoprotein overexpression via inhibition of the mTOR effector p70S6K1 in human breast carcinoma cells // Cell Cycle. - 2009. - № 8(1). - Р. 88-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vigneri P., Frasca F., Sciacca L., Frittitta L., Vigneri R. Obesity and cancer // Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases. - 2006. - № 16. - Р. 1-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vigneri P., Frasca F., Sciacca L., Frittitta L., Vigneri R. Obesity and cancer // Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases. - 2006. - № 16. - Р. 1-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vigneri P., Frasca F., Sciacca L., Pandini G., Vignery R. Diabetes and cancer // Endocrine-Related Cancer. - 2009. - № 16 (4). - Р. 1103-1123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vigneri P., Frasca F., Sciacca L., Pandini G., Vignery R. Diabetes and cancer // Endocrine-Related Cancer. - 2009. - № 16 (4). - Р. 1103-1123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright J.L., Stanford J.L. Metformin use and prostate cancer in Caucasian men: results from a population-based case-control study // Cancer Causes Control. - 2009. - № 20(9). - Р. 1617-1622.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright J.L., Stanford J.L. Metformin use and prostate cancer in Caucasian men: results from a population-based case-control study // Cancer Causes Control. - 2009. - № 20(9). - Р. 1617-1622.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakikhani M., Dowling R., Fantus I.G., Sonenberg N., Pollak M. Metformin is an AMP kinase-dependent growth inhibitor for breast cancer cells // Cancer Res. - 2006. - № 66(21). - Р. 10269-10273.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakikhani M., Dowling R., Fantus I.G., Sonenberg N., Pollak M. Metformin is an AMP kinase-dependent growth inhibitor for breast cancer cells // Cancer Res. - 2006. - № 66(21). - Р. 10269-10273.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou G., Myers R., Li Y., Chen Y., Shen X., Fenyk-Melody J., Wu M., Ventre J., Doebber T., Fujii N., Musi N., Hirshman M.F., Goodyear L.J., Moller D.E. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action // J Clin Invest. - 2001. - № 108(8). - Р. 1167-1174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou G., Myers R., Li Y., Chen Y., Shen X., Fenyk-Melody J., Wu M., Ventre J., Doebber T., Fujii N., Musi N., Hirshman M.F., Goodyear L.J., Moller D.E. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action // J Clin Invest. - 2001. - № 108(8). - Р. 1167-1174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
