ometendoОжирение и метаболизмObesity and metabolism2071-87132306-5524Endocrinology Research Centre10.14341/2071-8713-5139ometendo-5139Research ArticleСтатьиArticlesНовые горизонты применения тиазолидиндионовNovye gorizonty primeneniya tiazolidindionovPigarovaE A-DzeranovaL K-20061512200634№4 (2006)1220Copyright © Pigarova E.A., Dzeranova L.K., 20062006Pigarova E.A., Dzeranova L.K.Pigarova E.A., Dzeranova L.K.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/5139ReferencesGreenfield JR, Chisholm DJ. Thiazolidinediones - mechanisms of action. 2004 Aust Prescr 27:67-70.Greenfield JR, Chisholm DJ. Thiazolidinediones - mechanisms of action. 2004 Aust Prescr 27:67-70.Semple RK, Chatterjee VKK, O'Rahilly S. PPAR-gamma and human metabolic disease. J Clin. Invest. 2006 116(3): 581-589.Semple RK, Chatterjee VKK, O'Rahilly S. PPAR-gamma and human metabolic disease. J Clin. Invest. 2006 116(3): 581-589.Yki-Jarvinen H. Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1106-18.Yki-Jarvinen H. Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1106-18.Tontonoz, P., Hu, E., Graves, R.A., Budavari, A.l., and Spiegelman, B.M. 1994. mPPAR gamma 2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev. 8:1224-1234.Tontonoz, P., Hu, E., Graves, R.A., Budavari, A.l., and Spiegelman, B.M. 1994. mPPAR gamma 2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev. 8:1224-1234.Vidal-Puig, A.J., et al. 1997. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression in human tissues. Effects of obesity, weight loss, and regulation by insulin and glucocorticoids. J. Clin. Invest. 99:2416-2422.Vidal-Puig, A.J., et al. 1997. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression in human tissues. Effects of obesity, weight loss, and regulation by insulin and glucocorticoids. J. Clin. Invest. 99:2416-2422.Altshuler, D., et al. 2000. The common PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat. Genet. 26:76-80.Altshuler, D., et al. 2000. The common PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat. Genet. 26:76-80.Poulsen, P., et al. 2003. Impact of two common polymorphisms in the PPARgamma gene on glucose tolerance and plasma insulin profiles in monozygotic and dizygotic twins: thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or both? Diabetes. 52:194-198.Poulsen, P., et al. 2003. Impact of two common polymorphisms in the PPARgamma gene on glucose tolerance and plasma insulin profiles in monozygotic and dizygotic twins: thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or both? Diabetes. 52:194-198.Andrulionyte, L., Zacharova, J., Chiasson, J.L., and Laakso, M. 2004. Common polymorphisms of the PPAR-gamma2 (Pro12Ala) and PGC-1alpha (Gly482Ser) genes are associated with the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the STOP-NIDDM trial. Diabetologia. 47:2176-2184.Andrulionyte, L., Zacharova, J., Chiasson, J.L., and Laakso, M. 2004. Common polymorphisms of the PPAR-gamma2 (Pro12Ala) and PGC-1alpha (Gly482Ser) genes are associated with the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the STOP-NIDDM trial. Diabetologia. 47:2176-2184.Memisoglu, A., et al. 2003. Prospective study of the association between the proline to alanine codon 12 polymorphism in the PPARgamma gene and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 26:2915-2917.Memisoglu, A., et al. 2003. Prospective study of the association between the proline to alanine codon 12 polymorphism in the PPARgamma gene and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 26:2915-2917.Vidal-Puig, A., et al. 1996. Regulation of PPAR у gene expression by nutrition and obesity in rodents. J. Clin. Invest. 97:2553-2561.Vidal-Puig, A., et al. 1996. Regulation of PPAR у gene expression by nutrition and obesity in rodents. J. Clin. Invest. 97:2553-2561.Schoonjans, K., et al. 1996. PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators direct a distinct tissue-specific transcriptional response via a PPRE in the lipoprotein lipase gene. EMBO J. 15:5336-5348.Schoonjans, K., et al. 1996. PPARalpha and PPARgamma activators direct a distinct tissue-specific transcriptional response via a PPRE in the lipoprotein lipase gene. EMBO J. 15:5336-5348.Motojima, K., Passilly, P., Peters, J.M., Gonzalez, F.J., and Latruffe, N. 1998. Expression of putative FA transporter genes are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma activators in a tissue- and inducer-specific manner. J. Biol. Chem. 273:16710-16714.Motojima, K., Passilly, P., Peters, J.M., Gonzalez, F.J., and Latruffe, N. 1998. Expression of putative FA transporter genes are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma activators in a tissue- and inducer-specific manner. J. Biol. Chem. 273:16710-16714.Glorian M., et al. 2001. A single element in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene mediates thiazolidinedione action specifically in adipocytes. Biochimie. 83:933-943.Glorian M., et al. 2001. A single element in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene mediates thiazolidinedione action specifically in adipocytes. Biochimie. 83:933-943.Gurnell M, Savage DB, Chatterjee VK, O'Rahilly S. The metabolic syndrome: PPARgamma and its therapeutic modulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2412-21.Gurnell M, Savage DB, Chatterjee VK, O'Rahilly S. The metabolic syndrome: PPARgamma and its therapeutic modulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2412-21.Furnsinn C, Waldhausl W. Thiazolidinediones: metabolic actions in vitro. Diabetologia 2002; 45:1211-23.Furnsinn C, Waldhausl W. Thiazolidinediones: metabolic actions in vitro. Diabetologia 2002; 45:1211-23.Boden G, Zhang M. Recent findings concerning thiazolidinediones in the treatment of diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006 Mar;15(3):243-50.Boden G, Zhang M. Recent findings concerning thiazolidinediones in the treatment of diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006 Mar;15(3):243-50.Bujalska IJ, Kumar S, Stewart PM. Does central obesity reflect "Cushing's diseaseof omentum"? 1997 Lancet 349:1210-1213.Bujalska IJ, Kumar S, Stewart PM. Does central obesity reflect "Cushing's diseaseof omentum"? 1997 Lancet 349:1210-1213.Hauner H, Schmidt P, Pfeiffer EF. Glucocorticoids and insulin promote the differentiation of human adipocyte precursor cells into fat cells.1987 J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:832-835.Hauner H, Schmidt P, Pfeiffer EF. Glucocorticoids and insulin promote the differentiation of human adipocyte precursor cells into fat cells.1987 J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:832-835.Draper N, Stewart PM. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the pre-receptor regulation of corticosteroid hormone action. 2005 J Endocrinol 186:251-271.Draper N, Stewart PM. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the pre-receptor regulation of corticosteroid hormone action. 2005 J Endocrinol 186:251-271.Morton NM, Ramage L, Seckl JR. Down regulation of adipose 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 by high-fat feeding in mice: a potential adaptive mechanism counteracting metabolic disease. 2004 Endocrinology 145:2707-2712.Morton NM, Ramage L, Seckl JR. Down regulation of adipose 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 by high-fat feeding in mice: a potential adaptive mechanism counteracting metabolic disease. 2004 Endocrinology 145:2707-2712.Valsamakis G, Anvar A, Tomlinson JW, Shackleton CH, McTernan PG, Chetty R et al. 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in lean and obese males with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2004 J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:4755-4761.Valsamakis G, Anvar A, Tomlinson JW, Shackleton CH, McTernan PG, Chetty R et al. 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in lean and obese males with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2004 J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:4755-4761.Sakamoto J, Kimura H, Moriyama S, et al. Activation of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes by pioglitazone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278:704-11.Sakamoto J, Kimura H, Moriyama S, et al. Activation of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes by pioglitazone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 278:704-11.Skyler JS. PROactive: a sad tale of inappropriate analysis and unjustified interpretation. Clin Diabetes 2006 24(2):63-65.Skyler JS. PROactive: a sad tale of inappropriate analysis and unjustified interpretation. Clin Diabetes 2006 24(2):63-65.Li, S., et al. 2004. PPAR-alpha ligand ameliorates acute renal failure by reducing cisplatin-induced increased expression of renal endonuclease G. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 287:F990-F998.Li, S., et al. 2004. PPAR-alpha ligand ameliorates acute renal failure by reducing cisplatin-induced increased expression of renal endonuclease G. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 287:F990-F998.Sivarajah, A., et al. 2003. Agonists of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma reduce renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am. J. Nephrol. 23:267-276.Sivarajah, A., et al. 2003. Agonists of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma reduce renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am. J. Nephrol. 23:267-276.Michalik L, Wahli W. Involvement of PPAR nuclear receptors in tissue injury and wound repair. 2006 The Journal of Clinical Investigation 116(3):598-606.Michalik L, Wahli W. Involvement of PPAR nuclear receptors in tissue injury and wound repair. 2006 The Journal of Clinical Investigation 116(3):598-606.Yoshimura R, Matsuyama M, Segawa Y, Hase T, Mitsuhashi M, Tsuchida K, Wada S, Kawahito Y, Sano H, Nakatani T: Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in human urinary bladder carcinoma and growth inhibition by its agonists. Int J Cancer 2003, 104:597-602.Yoshimura R, Matsuyama M, Segawa Y, Hase T, Mitsuhashi M, Tsuchida K, Wada S, Kawahito Y, Sano H, Nakatani T: Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in human urinary bladder carcinoma and growth inhibition by its agonists. Int J Cancer 2003, 104:597-602.Segawa Y, Yoshimura R, Hase T, Nakatani T, Wada S, Kawahito Y, Kishimoto T, Sano H: Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in human prostate cancer. Prostate 2002, 51:108-116.Segawa Y, Yoshimura R, Hase T, Nakatani T, Wada S, Kawahito Y, Kishimoto T, Sano H: Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in human prostate cancer. Prostate 2002, 51:108-116.DuBois RN, Gupta R, Brockman J, Reddy BS, Krakow SL, Lazar MA: The nuclear eicosanoid receptor, PPARgamma, is aberrantly expressed in colonic cancers. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19:49-53.DuBois RN, Gupta R, Brockman J, Reddy BS, Krakow SL, Lazar MA: The nuclear eicosanoid receptor, PPARgamma, is aberrantly expressed in colonic cancers. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19:49-53.Kubota T, Koshizuka K, Williamson EA, Asou H, Said JW, Holden S, Miyoshi I, Koeffler HP: Ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (troglitazone) has potent antitumor effect against human prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 1998, 58:3344-3352.Kubota T, Koshizuka K, Williamson EA, Asou H, Said JW, Holden S, Miyoshi I, Koeffler HP: Ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (troglitazone) has potent antitumor effect against human prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 1998, 58:3344-3352.Panigrahy D, Singer S, Shen LQ, Butterfield CE, Freedman DA, Chen EJ, Moses MA, Kilroy S, Duensing S, Fletcher C, Fletcher JA, Hlatky L, Hahnfeldt P, Folkman J, Kaipainen A: PPAR gamma ligands inhibit primary tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2002, 110:923-932.Panigrahy D, Singer S, Shen LQ, Butterfield CE, Freedman DA, Chen EJ, Moses MA, Kilroy S, Duensing S, Fletcher C, Fletcher JA, Hlatky L, Hahnfeldt P, Folkman J, Kaipainen A: PPAR gamma ligands inhibit primary tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2002, 110:923-932.Sarraf P, Mueller E, Jones D, King FJ, DeAngelo DJ, Partridge JB, Holden SA, Chen LB, Singer S, Fletcher C, Spiegelman BM: Differentiation and reversal of malignant changes in colon cancer through PPARgamma. Nat Med 1998, 4:1046-1052.Sarraf P, Mueller E, Jones D, King FJ, DeAngelo DJ, Partridge JB, Holden SA, Chen LB, Singer S, Fletcher C, Spiegelman BM: Differentiation and reversal of malignant changes in colon cancer through PPARgamma. Nat Med 1998, 4:1046-1052.Demetri, G. D., Fletcher, C. D., Mueller, E., Sarraf, P., Naujoks, R.,Campbell, N., Spiegelman, B. M., and Singer, S. Induction of solid tumor differentiation by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand troglitazone in patients with liposarcoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96: 3951-3956, 1999.Demetri, G. D., Fletcher, C. D., Mueller, E., Sarraf, P., Naujoks, R.,Campbell, N., Spiegelman, B. M., and Singer, S. Induction of solid tumor differentiation by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand troglitazone in patients with liposarcoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96: 3951-3956, 1999.H. Phillip Koeffler. Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor - gamma and Cancers. Clinical Cancer Research. Vol. 9, 1-9, 2003.H. Phillip Koeffler. Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor - gamma and Cancers. Clinical Cancer Research. Vol. 9, 1-9, 2003.Heaney A.P., Fernando M., Young W.H., Melmed S. Functional PPAR-gamma receptor is a novel therapeutic target for ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Nature Medicine, Vol. 8, 11:1281-1286, 2002.Heaney A.P., Fernando M., Young W.H., Melmed S. Functional PPAR-gamma receptor is a novel therapeutic target for ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Nature Medicine, Vol. 8, 11:1281-1286, 2002.Heaney A.P., Fernando M., Melmed S. PPAR-gamma receptor ligands: novel therapy for pituitary adenomas. J Clin Investigation, Vol. 111, 9:1381-1388, 2003.Heaney A.P., Fernando M., Melmed S. PPAR-gamma receptor ligands: novel therapy for pituitary adenomas. J Clin Investigation, Vol. 111, 9:1381-1388, 2003.Schaefer K.L., Wada K., Takahashi H., Matsuhashi N., Ohnishi S., Wolfe M.M., Turner J.R., Nakajima A., Borkan S.C., Saubermann L.J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibition prevents adhesion to the extracellular matrix and induces anoikis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 15;65(6):2251-9.Schaefer K.L., Wada K., Takahashi H., Matsuhashi N., Ohnishi S., Wolfe M.M., Turner J.R., Nakajima A., Borkan S.C., Saubermann L.J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibition prevents adhesion to the extracellular matrix and induces anoikis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2005 Mar 15;65(6):2251-9.Keshamouni V.G., Arenberg D.A., Reddy R.C., Newstead M.J., Anthwal S., Standiford T.J. PPAR-gamma activation inhibits angiogenesis by blocking ELR+CXC chemokine production in non-small cell lung cancer. Neoplasia. 2005 Mar;7(3):294-301.Keshamouni V.G., Arenberg D.A., Reddy R.C., Newstead M.J., Anthwal S., Standiford T.J. PPAR-gamma activation inhibits angiogenesis by blocking ELR+CXC chemokine production in non-small cell lung cancer. Neoplasia. 2005 Mar;7(3):294-301.Takashima T., Fujiwara Y., Hamaguchi M., Sasaki E., Tominaga K., Watanabe T., Oshitani N., Higuchi K., Arakawa T. Relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression and differentiation of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2005 Apr;13(4):601-6.Takashima T., Fujiwara Y., Hamaguchi M., Sasaki E., Tominaga K., Watanabe T., Oshitani N., Higuchi K., Arakawa T. Relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression and differentiation of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2005 Apr;13(4):601-6.Ceni E., Mello T., Tarocchi M., Crabb D.W., Caldini A., Invernizzi P., Surrenti C., Milani S., Galli A. Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones induce ductal differentiation but not apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Feb 28;11(8):1122-30.Ceni E., Mello T., Tarocchi M., Crabb D.W., Caldini A., Invernizzi P., Surrenti C., Milani S., Galli A. Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones induce ductal differentiation but not apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Feb 28;11(8):1122-30.Gruszka A., Kunert-Radek J., Pawlikowski M. Rosiglitazone, PPAR-gamma receptor ligand, decreases the viability of rat prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor cells in vitro. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005 Feb;26(1):51-4.Gruszka A., Kunert-Radek J., Pawlikowski M. Rosiglitazone, PPAR-gamma receptor ligand, decreases the viability of rat prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor cells in vitro. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005 Feb;26(1):51-4.Huang J.W., Shiau C.W., Yang Y.T., Kulp S.K., Chen K.F., Brueggemeier R.W., Shapiro C.L., Chen C.S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent ablation of cyclin D1 by thiazolidinediones and their derivatives in breast cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;67(4):1342-8. Epub 2005 Jan 13.Huang J.W., Shiau C.W., Yang Y.T., Kulp S.K., Chen K.F., Brueggemeier R.W., Shapiro C.L., Chen C.S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent ablation of cyclin D1 by thiazolidinediones and their derivatives in breast cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;67(4):1342-8. Epub 2005 Jan 13.Ambrosi B., Dall'Asta C., Cannavo S., Libe R., et al. Effects of chronic administration of PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone in Cushing disease. Eur J of Endocrinology, Vol. 151: 173-178, 2004.Ambrosi B., Dall'Asta C., Cannavo S., Libe R., et al. Effects of chronic administration of PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone in Cushing disease. Eur J of Endocrinology, Vol. 151: 173-178, 2004.Hull S., Sheridan B., Atkinson A.B. Pre-operative medical therapy with rosiglita-zone in two patients with newly diagnosed pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinology, 62: 258-262, 2005.Hull S., Sheridan B., Atkinson A.B. Pre-operative medical therapy with rosiglita-zone in two patients with newly diagnosed pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinology, 62: 258-262, 2005.Suri D., Weiss R.E. Effect of pioglitazone on adrenocorticotropic hormone and cor-tisol secretion in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1340-6. Epub 2004 Dec 7.Suri D., Weiss R.E. Effect of pioglitazone on adrenocorticotropic hormone and cor-tisol secretion in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;90(3):1340-6. Epub 2004 Dec 7.Cannavo S., Arosio M., Vigo T., Chiodini I., Milici C., Barbetta L., Adda G., Dall'Asta C., Epaminonda P., Ambrosi B. Effects of the administration of PPAR-gamma receptor ligand - rosiglitazone on base line and CRH-stimulated ACTH and cortisol levels in Cushing disease. Abstracts. ENEA Napoli, 2004.Cannavo S., Arosio M., Vigo T., Chiodini I., Milici C., Barbetta L., Adda G., Dall'Asta C., Epaminonda P., Ambrosi B. Effects of the administration of PPAR-gamma receptor ligand - rosiglitazone on base line and CRH-stimulated ACTH and cortisol levels in Cushing disease. Abstracts. ENEA Napoli, 2004.Wagstaff A.J., Goa K.L. Rosiglitazone: a review of its use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs, 62: 1805-1837.Wagstaff A.J., Goa K.L. Rosiglitazone: a review of its use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs, 62: 1805-1837.Chaffer CL, Thomas DM, Thompson EW, Williams ED. PPARgamma-independ-ent induction of growth arrest and apoptosis in prostate and bladder carcinoma. 2006 BMC Cancer. Mar 6;6:53.Chaffer CL, Thomas DM, Thompson EW, Williams ED. PPARgamma-independ-ent induction of growth arrest and apoptosis in prostate and bladder carcinoma. 2006 BMC Cancer. Mar 6;6:53.Knochenhauer ES, Key TJ, Kahsar-Miller M, Waggoner W, Boots LR, Azziz R. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:3078-82.Knochenhauer ES, Key TJ, Kahsar-Miller M, Waggoner W, Boots LR, Azziz R. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:3078-82.Franks S, Gilling-Smith C, Watson H, Willis D. Insulin action in the normal and polycystic ovary. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999; 28:361-78.Franks S, Gilling-Smith C, Watson H, Willis D. Insulin action in the normal and polycystic ovary. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999; 28:361-78.Nestler JE, Powers LP, Matt DW, et al. A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991; 72:83-9.Nestler JE, Powers LP, Matt DW, et al. A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991; 72:83-9.Iuorno MJ, Nestler JE. Insulin-lowering drugs in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2001; 28:153-64.Iuorno MJ, Nestler JE. Insulin-lowering drugs in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2001; 28:153-64.Azziz R, Ehrmann D, Legro RS, et al. Troglitazone improves ovulation and hir-sutism in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86:1626-32.Azziz R, Ehrmann D, Legro RS, et al. Troglitazone improves ovulation and hir-sutism in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86:1626-32.Yilmaz M, Biri A, Karakoc A, Toruner F, Bingol B, Cakir N, Tiras B, Ayvaz G, Arslan M. The effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on insulin resistance and serum androgen levels in obese and lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005 Dec;28(11):1003-8.Yilmaz M, Biri A, Karakoc A, Toruner F, Bingol B, Cakir N, Tiras B, Ayvaz G, Arslan M. The effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on insulin resistance and serum androgen levels in obese and lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005 Dec;28(11):1003-8.Yilmaz M, Karakoc A, Toruner FB, Cakir N, Tiras B, Ayvaz G, Arslan M. The effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on menstrual cyclicity and hirsutism in poly-cystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep;21(3):154-60.Yilmaz M, Karakoc A, Toruner FB, Cakir N, Tiras B, Ayvaz G, Arslan M. The effects of rosiglitazone and metformin on menstrual cyclicity and hirsutism in poly-cystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005 Sep;21(3):154-60.Brettenthaler N, De Geyter C, Huber PR, Keller U. Effect of the insulin sensitizer pioglitazone on insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and ovulatory dysfunction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):3835-40.Brettenthaler N, De Geyter C, Huber PR, Keller U. Effect of the insulin sensitizer pioglitazone on insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and ovulatory dysfunction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):3835-40.Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM. The prevalence and etiology of elevated amino-transferase levels in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:960-7.Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM. The prevalence and etiology of elevated amino-transferase levels in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:960-7.Vozarova B, Stefan N, Lindsay RS, et al. High alanine aminotransferase is associated with decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:1889-95.Vozarova B, Stefan N, Lindsay RS, et al. High alanine aminotransferase is associated with decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:1889-95.Seppala-Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, H_kkinen AM, et al. Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3023-8.Seppala-Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, H_kkinen AM, et al. Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3023-8.Mayerson AB, Hundal RS, Dufour S, et al. The effects of rosiglitazone on insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, and hepatic and skeletal muscle triglyceride content in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:797-802.Mayerson AB, Hundal RS, Dufour S, et al. The effects of rosiglitazone on insulin sensitivity, lipolysis, and hepatic and skeletal muscle triglyceride content in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:797-802.Juergen Siebler, Peter R Galle. Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 April 14; 12(14): 2161-2167.Juergen Siebler, Peter R Galle. Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 April 14; 12(14): 2161-2167.Sutinen J, Hakkinen AM, Westerbacka J, Seppala-Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, Halavaara J, Jarvinen A, Ristola M, Yki-Jarvinen H. Rosiglitazone in the treatment of HAART-associated lipodystrophy--a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Antivir Ther. 2003 Jun;8(3):199-207.Sutinen J, Hakkinen AM, Westerbacka J, Seppala-Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, Halavaara J, Jarvinen A, Ristola M, Yki-Jarvinen H. Rosiglitazone in the treatment of HAART-associated lipodystrophy--a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Antivir Ther. 2003 Jun;8(3):199-207.Carr A, Workman C, Carey D, Rogers G, Martin A, Baker D, Wand H, Law M, Samaras K, Emery S, Cooper DA. No effect of rosiglitazone for treatment of HIV-1 lipoatrophy: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Feb 7;363(9407):429-38.Carr A, Workman C, Carey D, Rogers G, Martin A, Baker D, Wand H, Law M, Samaras K, Emery S, Cooper DA. No effect of rosiglitazone for treatment of HIV-1 lipoatrophy: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Feb 7;363(9407):429-38.Hadigan C, Yawetz S, Thomas A, Havers F, Sax PE, Grinspoon S. Metabolic effects of rosiglitazone in HIV lipodystrophy: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004 May 18;140(10):786-94.Hadigan C, Yawetz S, Thomas A, Havers F, Sax PE, Grinspoon S. Metabolic effects of rosiglitazone in HIV lipodystrophy: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004 May 18;140(10):786-94.Jussi Sutinen, Katja Kannisto, Elena Korsheninnikova, Rachel M. Fisher, Ewa Ehrenborg, Tuulikki Nyman, Antti Virkama_ki, Tohru Funahashi, Yuji Matsuzawa, Hubert Vidal, Anders Hamsten and Hannele Yki-Ja_rvinen. Effects of rosiglita-zone on gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue in highly active anti-retroviral therapy-associated lipodystrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;286:E941-E949.Jussi Sutinen, Katja Kannisto, Elena Korsheninnikova, Rachel M. Fisher, Ewa Ehrenborg, Tuulikki Nyman, Antti Virkama_ki, Tohru Funahashi, Yuji Matsuzawa, Hubert Vidal, Anders Hamsten and Hannele Yki-Ja_rvinen. Effects of rosiglita-zone on gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue in highly active anti-retroviral therapy-associated lipodystrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;286:E941-E949.Hollenberg NK. Considerations for management of fluid dynamic issues associated with thiazolidinediones. Am J Med. 2003;115 Suppl 8A:111S-115S.Hollenberg NK. Considerations for management of fluid dynamic issues associated with thiazolidinediones. Am J Med. 2003;115 Suppl 8A:111S-115S.Takiya L, Chwla S. Therapeutic options for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Manag Care. 2002;8:1009-1023)Takiya L, Chwla S. Therapeutic options for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Manag Care. 2002;8:1009-1023)Wellington K. Rosiglitazone/Metformin. Drugs. 2005 ;65(11):1581-92; discussion 1593-4.Wellington K. Rosiglitazone/Metformin. Drugs. 2005 ;65(11):1581-92; discussion 1593-4.Tucker ME. Safety issues mar future of dual PPAR agonists. Editorial. Clin Endocrinol News 1(6):1-2.Tucker ME. Safety issues mar future of dual PPAR agonists. Editorial. Clin Endocrinol News 1(6):1-2.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.