ometendoОжирение и метаболизмObesity and metabolism2071-87132306-5524Endocrinology Research Centre10.14341/2071-8713-4963ometendo-4963Research ArticleСтатьиArticlesДиагностика и лечение гиперпролактинемии:клинические рекомендации МеждународногоЭндокринологического обществаDiagnostika i lechenie giperprolaktinemii:klinicheskie rekomendatsii MezhdunarodnogoEndokrinologicheskogo obshchestvaShlomo Melmed--FelipeF. Casanueva-AndrewR. Hoffman-DavidL. Kleinberg-VictorM. Montori-JanetA. Schlechte-JohnA. Wass-20111506201182№2 (2011)7994Copyright © Shlomo Melmed -., Felipe F.C., Andrew R.H., David L.K., Victor M.M., Janet A.S., John A.W., 20112011Shlomo Melmed -., Felipe F.C., Andrew R.H., David L.K., Victor M.M., Janet A.S., John A.W.Shlomo Melmed -., Felipe F.C., Andrew R.H., David L.K., Victor M.M., Janet A.S., John A.W.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/4963

Цель: Создать клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению гиперпролактинемии. Участники: В состав Рабочей группы входили эксперты, назначенные Эндокринологическим обществом, специалист по ме- тодологии и писатель медицинских текстов. Доказательность: Настоящие Клинические рекомендации основаны на принципах доказательной медицины и были разрабо- таны с использованием системы классификации рекомендаций, разработок и оценок (GRADE), позволяющей оценить силу рекомендаций и качество используемых доказательств. Процесс достижения консенсуса: Одно собрание Рабочей группы, несколько телефонных конференций и контакты между специалистами и экспертами по электронной почте позволили достичь консенсуса. Предварительные варианты данных Клинических рекомендаций были рецензированы комитетами и членами международного Эндокринологического общества (The Endocrine Society), Европейского эндокринологического общества (The European Society of Endocrinology) и Общества по исследованию гипофиза (The Pituitary Society). Выводы: Представлены Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению пациентов с повышенным уровнем пролак- тина. В этом труде использован доказательный подход к оценке этиологии гиперпролактинемии, лечению лекарственно- индуцированной гиперпролактинемии, а также пролактином у беременных и небеременных женщин. Рассмотрены вопросы выбора лекарственных средств для лечения пролактином, показаний к их использованию и побочных эффектов. Разрешенный перевод всего избранного содержания из 'Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.' Melmed,S. et al, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, ссылка: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/reprint/ 96/2/273. Авторские права принад- лежат The Endocrine Society 2011. Все права защищены. Идеи и мнения, выраженные в журнале The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, в данной переведенной статье не обязательно отражают таковые The Endocrine Society или Издательства. Упоминание какого-либо продукта, услуги или лечения в данной публикации или любой рекламы в данной публикации не должно быть истолковано как одобрение упомянутых продуктов/услуг. The Endocrine Society не несет ответственность за любой вред, причиненный людям или их собственности, вследствие или связанный с любым использованием материала данной публикации, или вследствие любых ошибок и опечаток в данном переводе, который не был осуществлен The Endocrine Society.

ReferencesAtkins D., Best D., Briss P.A., Eccles M., Falck-Ytter Y., Flottorp S., Guyatt G.H., Harbour R.T., Haugh M.C., Henry D., Hill S., Jaeschke R., Leng G., Liberati A., Magrini N., Mason J., Middleton P., Mrukowicz J., O'Connell D., Oxman A.D., Phillips B., Schünemann H.J., Edejer T.T., Varonen H., Vist G.E., Williams J.W., Jr, Zaza S. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations // BMJ. - 2004. - № 328. - Р. 1490.Atkins D., Best D., Briss P.A., Eccles M., Falck-Ytter Y., Flottorp S., Guyatt G.H., Harbour R.T., Haugh M.C., Henry D., Hill S., Jaeschke R., Leng G., Liberati A., Magrini N., Mason J., Middleton P., Mrukowicz J., O'Connell D., Oxman A.D., Phillips B., Schünemann H.J., Edejer T.T., Varonen H., Vist G.E., Williams J.W., Jr, Zaza S. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations // BMJ. - 2004. - № 328. - Р. 1490.Swiglo B.A., Murad M.H., Schünemann H.J., Kunz R., Vigersky R.A., Guyatt G.H., Montori V.M. A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness: state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2008. - № 93. - Р. 666-673.Swiglo B.A., Murad M.H., Schünemann H.J., Kunz R., Vigersky R.A., Guyatt G.H., Montori V.M. A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness: state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2008. - № 93. - Р. 666-673.Melmed S. Mechanisms for pituitary tumorigenesis: the plastic pituitary // J Clin Invest 2003. - № 112. - Р. 1603-1618.Melmed S. Mechanisms for pituitary tumorigenesis: the plastic pituitary // J Clin Invest 2003. - № 112. - Р. 1603-1618.Frantz A.G., Kleinberg D.L. Prolactin: evidence that it is separate from growth hormone in human blood // Science. - 1970. - № 170. - Р. 745-747.Frantz A.G., Kleinberg D.L. Prolactin: evidence that it is separate from growth hormone in human blood // Science. - 1970. - № 170. - Р. 745-747.Hwang P., Guyda H., Friesen H. A radioimmunoassay for human prolactin // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. - 1971. - № 68. - Р. 1902-1906.Hwang P., Guyda H., Friesen H. A radioimmunoassay for human prolactin // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. - 1971. - № 68. - Р. 1902-1906.Kleinberg D.L., Noel G.L., Frantz A.G. Galactorrhea: a study of 235 cases, including 48 with pituitary tumors // N Engl J Med. - 1977. - № 296. - Р. 589-600.Kleinberg D.L., Noel G.L., Frantz A.G. Galactorrhea: a study of 235 cases, including 48 with pituitary tumors // N Engl J Med. - 1977. - № 296. - Р. 589-600.Gillam M.P., Molitch M.E., Lombardi G., Colao A. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas // Endocr Rev. - 2006. - № 27. - Р. 485-534.Gillam M.P., Molitch M.E., Lombardi G., Colao A. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas // Endocr Rev. - 2006. - № 27. - Р. 485-534.Klibanski A. Clinical practice. Prolactinomas // N Engl J Med. - 2010. - № 362. - Р. 1219-1226.Klibanski A. Clinical practice. Prolactinomas // N Engl J Med. - 2010. - № 362. - Р. 1219-1226.Schlechte J.A. Clinical practice. Prolactinoma // N Engl J Med. - 2003. - № 349. - Р. 2035-2041.Schlechte J.A. Clinical practice. Prolactinoma // N Engl J Med. - 2003. - № 349. - Р. 2035-2041.Schlechte J., el-Khoury G., Kathol M, Walkner L Forearm and vertebral bone mineral in treated and untreated hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1987. - № 64. - Р. 1021-1026.Schlechte J., el-Khoury G., Kathol M, Walkner L Forearm and vertebral bone mineral in treated and untreated hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1987. - № 64. - Р. 1021-1026.Buurman H., Saeger W. Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data // Eur J Endocrinol. - 2006. - № 154. - Р. 753-758.Buurman H., Saeger W. Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data // Eur J Endocrinol. - 2006. - № 154. - Р. 753-758.Daly A.F., Rixhon M., Adam C., Dempegioti A., Tichomirowa M.A., Beckers A. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2006. - № 91. - Р. 4769-4775.Daly A.F., Rixhon M., Adam C., Dempegioti A., Tichomirowa M.A., Beckers A. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2006. - № 91. - Р. 4769-4775.Fernandez A., Karavitaki N., Wass J.A. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK) // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2010. - № 72. - Р. 377-382.Fernandez A., Karavitaki N., Wass J.A. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK) // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2010. - № 72. - Р. 377-382.Kars M., Souverein P.C., Herings R.M., Romijn J.A., Vandenbroucke J.P., de Boer A., Dekkers O.M. Estimated age- and sex-specific incidence and prevalence of dopamine agonist-treated hyperprolactinemia // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2009. - № 94. - Р. 2729-2734.Kars M., Souverein P.C., Herings R.M., Romijn J.A., Vandenbroucke J.P., de Boer A., Dekkers O.M. Estimated age- and sex-specific incidence and prevalence of dopamine agonist-treated hyperprolactinemia // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2009. - № 94. - Р. 2729-2734.Casanueva F.F., Molitch M.E., Schlechte J.A., Abs R., Bonert V., Bronstein M.D., Brue T., Cappabianca P., Colao A., Fahlbusch R., Fideleff H., Hadani M., Kelly P., Kleinberg D., Laws E., Marek J., Scanlon M.,Sobrinho L.G., Wass J.A., Giustina A. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2006. - № 65. - Р. 265-273.Casanueva F.F., Molitch M.E., Schlechte J.A., Abs R., Bonert V., Bronstein M.D., Brue T., Cappabianca P., Colao A., Fahlbusch R., Fideleff H., Hadani M., Kelly P., Kleinberg D., Laws E., Marek J., Scanlon M.,Sobrinho L.G., Wass J.A., Giustina A. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2006. - № 65. - Р. 265-273.Mancini T., Casanueva F.F., Giustina A. Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 2008. - № 37. - Р. 67-99, VIII.Mancini T., Casanueva F.F., Giustina A. Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 2008. - № 37. - Р. 67-99, VIII.Vilar L., Freitas M.C., Naves L.A., Casulari L.A., Azevedo M., Montenegro R., Jr, Barros A.I., Faria M., Nascimento G.C., Lima J.G., Nóbrega L.H., Cruz T.P., Mota A., Ramos A., Violante A., Lamounier Filho A., Gadelha M.R., Czepielewski M.A., Glezer A., Bronstein M.D. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia: results of a Brazilian multicenter study with 1234 patients // J Endocrinol Invest. - 2008. - № 31. - Р. 436-444.Vilar L., Freitas M.C., Naves L.A., Casulari L.A., Azevedo M., Montenegro R., Jr, Barros A.I., Faria M., Nascimento G.C., Lima J.G., Nóbrega L.H., Cruz T.P., Mota A., Ramos A., Violante A., Lamounier Filho A., Gadelha M.R., Czepielewski M.A., Glezer A., Bronstein M.D. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia: results of a Brazilian multicenter study with 1234 patients // J Endocrinol Invest. - 2008. - № 31. - Р. 436-444.Kearns A.E., Goff D.C., Hayden D.L., Daniels G.H. Risperidone-associated hyperprolactinemia // Endocr Pract. - 2000. - № 6. - Р. 425-429.Kearns A.E., Goff D.C., Hayden D.L., Daniels G.H. Risperidone-associated hyperprolactinemia // Endocr Pract. - 2000. - № 6. - Р. 425-429.Hattori N. Macroprolactinemia: a new cause of hyperprolactinemia // J Pharmacol Sci. - 2003. - № 92. - Р. 171-177[CrossRef][Medline].Hattori N. Macroprolactinemia: a new cause of hyperprolactinemia // J Pharmacol Sci. - 2003. - № 92. - Р. 171-177[CrossRef][Medline].Chahal J., Schlechte J. Hyperprolactinemia // Pituitary. - 2008. - № 11. - Р. 141-146.Chahal J., Schlechte J. Hyperprolactinemia // Pituitary. - 2008. - № 11. - Р. 141-146.Glezer A., Soares C.R., Vieira J.G., Giannella-Neto D., Ribela M.T., Goffin V., Bronstein M.D. Human macroprolactin displays low biological activity via its homologous receptor in a new sensitive bioassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2006. - № 91. - Р. 1048-1055.Glezer A., Soares C.R., Vieira J.G., Giannella-Neto D., Ribela M.T., Goffin V., Bronstein M.D. Human macroprolactin displays low biological activity via its homologous receptor in a new sensitive bioassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2006. - № 91. - Р. 1048-1055.Donadio F., Barbieri A., Angioni R., Mantovani G., Beck-Peccoz P., Spada A., Lania A.G. Patients with macroprolactinaemia: clinical and radiological features. Eur J Clin Invest. - 2007. - № 37. - Р. 552-557.Donadio F., Barbieri A., Angioni R., Mantovani G., Beck-Peccoz P., Spada A., Lania A.G. Patients with macroprolactinaemia: clinical and radiological features. Eur J Clin Invest. - 2007. - № 37. - Р. 552-557.McKenna T.J. Should macroprolactin be measured in all hyperprolactinaemic sera? // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2009. - № 71. - Р. 466-469.McKenna T.J. Should macroprolactin be measured in all hyperprolactinaemic sera? // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2009. - № 71. - Р. 466-469.Gibney J., Smith T.P., McKenna T.J. The impact on clinical practice of routine screening for macroprolactin // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2005. - № 90. - Р. 3927-3932.Gibney J., Smith T.P., McKenna T.J. The impact on clinical practice of routine screening for macroprolactin // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2005. - № 90. - Р. 3927-3932.Barkan A.L., Chandler W.F. Giant pituitary prolactinoma with falsely low serum prolactin: the pitfall of the "high-dose hook effect": case report // Neurosurgery. - 1998 42. - Р. 913-915; discussion 915-916.Barkan A.L., Chandler W.F. Giant pituitary prolactinoma with falsely low serum prolactin: the pitfall of the "high-dose hook effect": case report // Neurosurgery. - 1998 42. - Р. 913-915; discussion 915-916.Petakov M.S., Damjanoviæ S.S., Nikoliæ-Duroviæ M.M., Dragojloviæ Z.L., Obradoviæ S., Gligoroviæ M.S., Simiæ M.Z., Popoviæ V.P. Pituitary adenomas secreting large amounts of prolactin may give false low values in immunoradiometric assays. The hook effect // J Endocrinol Invest. - 1998. - № 21. - Р. 184-188.Petakov M.S., Damjanoviæ S.S., Nikoliæ-Duroviæ M.M., Dragojloviæ Z.L., Obradoviæ S., Gligoroviæ M.S., Simiæ M.Z., Popoviæ V.P. Pituitary adenomas secreting large amounts of prolactin may give false low values in immunoradiometric assays. The hook effect // J Endocrinol Invest. - 1998. - № 21. - Р. 184-188.Smith T.P., Suliman A.M., Fahie-Wilson M.N., McKenna T.J. Gross variability in the detection of prolactin in sera containing big big prolactin (macroprolactin) by commercial immunoassays // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2002. - № 87. - Р. 5410-5415.Smith T.P., Suliman A.M., Fahie-Wilson M.N., McKenna T.J. Gross variability in the detection of prolactin in sera containing big big prolactin (macroprolactin) by commercial immunoassays // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2002. - № 87. - Р. 5410-5415.Melmed S., Kleinberg D. Anterior pituitary. In: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology / 11th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. - 2008. - Р. 185-261.Melmed S., Kleinberg D. Anterior pituitary. In: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology / 11th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. - 2008. - Р. 185-261.Hou S.H., Grossman S., Molitch M.E. Hyperprolactinemia in patients with renal insufficiency and chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis or chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis // Am J Kidney. - 1985. - № 6. - Р. 245-249.Hou S.H., Grossman S., Molitch M.E. Hyperprolactinemia in patients with renal insufficiency and chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis or chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis // Am J Kidney. - 1985. - № 6. - Р. 245-249.Lim V.S., Kathpalia S.C., Frohman L.A. Hyperprolactinemia and impaired pituitary response to suppression and stimulation in chronic renal failure: reversal after transplantation // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1979. - № 48. - Р. 101-107.Lim V.S., Kathpalia S.C., Frohman L.A. Hyperprolactinemia and impaired pituitary response to suppression and stimulation in chronic renal failure: reversal after transplantation // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1979. - № 48. - Р. 101-107.Sievertsen G.D., Lim V.S., Nakawatase C., Frohman L.A. Metabolic clearance and secretion rates of human prolactin in normal subjects and in patients with chronic renal failure // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1980. - № 50. - Р. 846-852.Sievertsen G.D., Lim V.S., Nakawatase C., Frohman L.A. Metabolic clearance and secretion rates of human prolactin in normal subjects and in patients with chronic renal failure // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1980. - № 50. - Р. 846-852.Honbo K.S., van Herle A.J., Kellett K.A. Serum prolactin levels in untreated primary hypothyroidism // Am J Med. - 1978. - № 64. - Р. 782-787.Honbo K.S., van Herle A.J., Kellett K.A. Serum prolactin levels in untreated primary hypothyroidism // Am J Med. - 1978. - № 64. - Р. 782-787.Molitch M.E. Pathologic hyperprolactinemia // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 1992. - № 21. - Р. 877-901.Molitch M.E. Pathologic hyperprolactinemia // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 1992. - № 21. - Р. 877-901.Ahmed M., Banna M., Sakati N., Woodhouse N. Pituitary gland enlargement in primary hypothyroidism: a report of 5 cases with follow-up data // Horm Res. - 1989. - № 32. - Р. 188-192.Ahmed M., Banna M., Sakati N., Woodhouse N. Pituitary gland enlargement in primary hypothyroidism: a report of 5 cases with follow-up data // Horm Res. - 1989. - № 32. - Р. 188-192.Keye W.R., Yuen B.H., Knopf R.F., Jaffe R.B. Amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and pituitary enlargement secondary to primary hypothyroidism. Successful treatment with thyroid replacement // Obstet Gynecol. - 1976. - № 48. - Р. 697-702.Keye W.R., Yuen B.H., Knopf R.F., Jaffe R.B. Amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia and pituitary enlargement secondary to primary hypothyroidism. Successful treatment with thyroid replacement // Obstet Gynecol. - 1976. - № 48. - Р. 697-702.Karavitaki N., Thanabalasingham G., Shore H.C., Trifanescu R., Ansorge O., Meston N., Turner H.E., Wass J.A. Do the limits of serum prolactin in disconnection hyperprolactinaemia need re-definition? A study of 226 patients with histologically verified non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma // ClinEndocrinol (Oxf). - 2006. - № 65. - Р. 524-529.Karavitaki N., Thanabalasingham G., Shore H.C., Trifanescu R., Ansorge O., Meston N., Turner H.E., Wass J.A. Do the limits of serum prolactin in disconnection hyperprolactinaemia need re-definition? A study of 226 patients with histologically verified non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma // ClinEndocrinol (Oxf). - 2006. - № 65. - Р. 524-529.Sluijmer A.V., Lappöhn R.E. Clinical history and outcome of 59 patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia // Fertil Steril. - 1992. - № 58. - Р. 72-77.Sluijmer A.V., Lappöhn R.E. Clinical history and outcome of 59 patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia // Fertil Steril. - 1992. - № 58. - Р. 72-77.Schlechte J., Dolan K., Sherman B., Chapler F., Luciano A. The natural history of untreated hyperprolactinemia: a prospective analysis // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1989. - № 68. - Р. 412-418.Schlechte J., Dolan K., Sherman B., Chapler F., Luciano A. The natural history of untreated hyperprolactinemia: a prospective analysis // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1989. - № 68. - Р. 412-418.Bonert V.S., Melmed S. Acromegaly with moderate hyperprolactinemia caused by an intrasellar macroadenoma // Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. - 2006. - № 2. - Р. 408-412.Bonert V.S., Melmed S. Acromegaly with moderate hyperprolactinemia caused by an intrasellar macroadenoma // Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. - 2006. - № 2. - Р. 408-412.Calarge C.A., Ellingrod V.L., Acion L., Miller D.D., Moline J., Tansey M.J., Schlechte J.A. Variants of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and risperidoneinduced hyperprolactinemia in children and adolescents // Pharmacogenet Genomics. - 2009. - № 19. - Р. 373-382.Calarge C.A., Ellingrod V.L., Acion L., Miller D.D., Moline J., Tansey M.J., Schlechte J.A. Variants of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and risperidoneinduced hyperprolactinemia in children and adolescents // Pharmacogenet Genomics. - 2009. - № 19. - Р. 373-382.Pollock A., McLaren E.H. Serum prolactin concentration in patients taking neuroleptic drugs // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 1998. - № 49. - Р. 513-516.Pollock A., McLaren E.H. Serum prolactin concentration in patients taking neuroleptic drugs // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 1998. - № 49. - Р. 513-516.Spitzer M., Sajjad R., Benjamin F. Pattern of development of hyperprolactinemia after initiation of haloperidol therapy // Obstet Gynecol. - 1998. - № 91. - Р. 693-695.Spitzer M., Sajjad R., Benjamin F. Pattern of development of hyperprolactinemia after initiation of haloperidol therapy // Obstet Gynecol. - 1998. - № 91. - Р. 693-695.Cutler A.J. Sexual dysfunction and antipsychotic treatment // Psychoneuroendocrinology. - 2003. - № 28(Suppl 1). - Р. 69-82.Cutler A.J. Sexual dysfunction and antipsychotic treatment // Psychoneuroendocrinology. - 2003. - № 28(Suppl 1). - Р. 69-82.Knegtering H., van der Moolen A.E., Castelein S., Kluiter H., van den Bosch R.J. What are the effects of antipsychotics on sexual dysfunctions and endocrine functioning? // Psychoneuroendocrinology. - 2003. - № 28(Suppl 2). - Р. 109-123.Knegtering H., van der Moolen A.E., Castelein S., Kluiter H., van den Bosch R.J. What are the effects of antipsychotics on sexual dysfunctions and endocrine functioning? // Psychoneuroendocrinology. - 2003. - № 28(Suppl 2). - Р. 109-123.Smith S., Wheeler M.J., Murray R., O'Keane V. The effects of antipsychoticinduced hyperprolactinaemia on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis // J Clin Psychopharmacol. - 2002. - № 22. - Р. 109-114.Smith S., Wheeler M.J., Murray R., O'Keane V. The effects of antipsychoticinduced hyperprolactinaemia on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis // J Clin Psychopharmacol. - 2002. - № 22. - Р. 109-114.Ataya K., Mercado A., Kartaginer J., Abbasi A., Moghissi K.S. Bone density and reproductive hormones in patients with neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia // Fertil Steril. - 1988. - № 50. - Р. 876-881.Ataya K., Mercado A., Kartaginer J., Abbasi A., Moghissi K.S. Bone density and reproductive hormones in patients with neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia // Fertil Steril. - 1988. - № 50. - Р. 876-881.Misra M., Papakostas G.I., Klibanski A. Effects of psychiatric disorders and psychotropic medications on prolactin and bone metabolism // J Clin Psychiatry. - 2004. - № 65. - Р. 1607-1618.Misra M., Papakostas G.I., Klibanski A. Effects of psychiatric disorders and psychotropic medications on prolactin and bone metabolism // J Clin Psychiatry. - 2004. - № 65. - Р. 1607-1618.Meltzer H.Y., Fang V.S. Serum prolactin levels in schizophrenia-effect of antipsychotic drugs: a preliminary report / In: Sachar EJ ed. Hormones, behavior, and psychopathology. - New York: Raven Press, 1976.Meltzer H.Y., Fang V.S. Serum prolactin levels in schizophrenia-effect of antipsychotic drugs: a preliminary report / In: Sachar EJ ed. Hormones, behavior, and psychopathology. - New York: Raven Press, 1976.Johnsen E., Kroken R.A., Abaza M., Olberg H., Jørgensen H.A. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a cross-sectional survey // J Clin Psychopharmacol. - 2008. - № 28. - Р. 686-690.Johnsen E., Kroken R.A., Abaza M., Olberg H., Jørgensen H.A. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a cross-sectional survey // J Clin Psychopharmacol. - 2008. - № 28. - Р. 686-690.Molitch M.E. Medication-induced hyperprolactinemia // Mayo Clin Proc. - 2005. - № 80. - Р. 1050-1057.Molitch M.E. Medication-induced hyperprolactinemia // Mayo Clin Proc. - 2005. - № 80. - Р. 1050-1057.Bart G., Borg L., Schluger J.H., Green M., Ho A., Kreek M.J. Suppressed prolactin response to dynorphin A1-13 in methadone-maintained versus control subjects // J Pharmacol Exp Ther. - 2003. - № 306. - Р. 581-587.Bart G., Borg L., Schluger J.H., Green M., Ho A., Kreek M.J. Suppressed prolactin response to dynorphin A1-13 in methadone-maintained versus control subjects // J Pharmacol Exp Ther. - 2003. - № 306. - Р. 581-587.Tolis G., Hickey J., Guyda H. Effects of morphine on serum growth hormone, cortisol, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone in man // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1975. - № 41. - Р. 797-800.Tolis G., Hickey J., Guyda H. Effects of morphine on serum growth hormone, cortisol, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone in man // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1975. - № 41. - Р. 797-800.Zis A.P., Haskett R.F., Albala A.A., Carroll B.J. Morphine inhibits cortisol and stimulates prolactin secretion in man // Psychoneuroendocrinology. - 1984. - № 9. - Р. 423-427.Zis A.P., Haskett R.F., Albala A.A., Carroll B.J. Morphine inhibits cortisol and stimulates prolactin secretion in man // Psychoneuroendocrinology. - 1984. - № 9. - Р. 423-427.Mendelson J.H., Mello N.K., Teoh S.K., Ellingboe J., Cochin J. Cocaine effects on pulsatile secretion of anterior pituitary, gonadal, and adrenal hormones // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1989. - № 69. - Р. 1256-1260.Mendelson J.H., Mello N.K., Teoh S.K., Ellingboe J., Cochin J. Cocaine effects on pulsatile secretion of anterior pituitary, gonadal, and adrenal hormones // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1989. - № 69. - Р. 1256-1260.Luciano A.A., Sherman B.M., Chapler F.K., Hauser K.S., Wallace R.B. Hyperprolactinemia and contraception: a prospective study // Obstet Gynecol. - 1985. - № 65. - Р. 506-510.Luciano A.A., Sherman B.M., Chapler F.K., Hauser K.S., Wallace R.B. Hyperprolactinemia and contraception: a prospective study // Obstet Gynecol. - 1985. - № 65. - Р. 506-510.Kinon B.J., Gilmore J.A., Liu H., Halbreich U.M. Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients treated with conventional antipsychotic medications or risperidone // Psychoneuroendocrinology. - 2003. - № 28 (Suppl 2). - Р. 55-68.Kinon B.J., Gilmore J.A., Liu H., Halbreich U.M. Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients treated with conventional antipsychotic medications or risperidone // Psychoneuroendocrinology. - 2003. - № 28 (Suppl 2). - Р. 55-68.Volavka J., Czobor P., Cooper T.B., Sheitman B., Lindenmayer J.P., Citrome L., McEvoy J.P., Lieberman J.A. Prolactin levels in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients treated with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol // J Clin Psychiatry. - 2004. - № 65. - Р. 57-61.Volavka J., Czobor P., Cooper T.B., Sheitman B., Lindenmayer J.P., Citrome L., McEvoy J.P., Lieberman J.A. Prolactin levels in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients treated with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol // J Clin Psychiatry. - 2004. - № 65. - Р. 57-61.Lu M.L., Shen W.W., Chen C.H. Time course of the changes in antipsychoticinduced hyperprolactinemia following the switch to aripiprazole // Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. - 2008. - № 32. - Р. 1978-1981.Lu M.L., Shen W.W., Chen C.H. Time course of the changes in antipsychoticinduced hyperprolactinemia following the switch to aripiprazole // Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. - 2008. - № 32. - Р. 1978-1981.Saitis M., Papazisis G., Katsigiannopoulos K., Kouvelas D. Aripiprazole resolves amisulpride and ziprasidone-induced hyperprolactinemia // Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. - 2008. - № 62. - Р. 624.Saitis M., Papazisis G., Katsigiannopoulos K., Kouvelas D. Aripiprazole resolves amisulpride and ziprasidone-induced hyperprolactinemia // Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. - 2008. - № 62. - Р. 624.Bhasin S., Cunningham G.R., Hayes F.J., Matsumoto A.M., Snyder P.J., Swerdloff R.S., Montori V.M. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2006. - № 91. - Р. 1995-2010.Bhasin S., Cunningham G.R., Hayes F.J., Matsumoto A.M., Snyder P.J., Swerdloff R.S., Montori V.M. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2006. - № 91. - Р. 1995-2010.Cavallaro R., Cocchi F., Angelone S.M., Lattuada E., Smeraldi E. Cabergoline treatment of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia: a pilot study // J Clin Psychiatry. - 2004. - № 65. - Р. 187-190.Cavallaro R., Cocchi F., Angelone S.M., Lattuada E., Smeraldi E. Cabergoline treatment of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia: a pilot study // J Clin Psychiatry. - 2004. - № 65. - Р. 187-190.Cohen L.G., Biederman J. Treatment of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia with a dopamine agonist in children // J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. - 2001. - № 11. - Р. 435-440.Cohen L.G., Biederman J. Treatment of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia with a dopamine agonist in children // J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. - 2001. - № 11. - Р. 435-440.Smith S. Neuroleptic-associated hyperprolactinemia. Can it be treated with bromocriptine? // J Reprod Med. - 1992. - № 37. - Р. 737-740.Smith S. Neuroleptic-associated hyperprolactinemia. Can it be treated with bromocriptine? // J Reprod Med. - 1992. - № 37. - Р. 737-740.Tollin S.R. Use of the dopamine agonists bromocriptine and cabergoline in the management of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with psychotic disorders // J Endocrinol Invest. - 2000. - № 23. - Р. 765-770.Tollin S.R. Use of the dopamine agonists bromocriptine and cabergoline in the management of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with psychotic disorders // J Endocrinol Invest. - 2000. - № 23. - Р. 765-770.Konopka P., Raymond J.P., Merceron R.E., Seneze J. Continuous administration of bromocriptine in the prevention of neurological complications in pregnant women with prolactinomas // Am J Obstet Gynecol. - 1983. - № 146. - Р. 935-938.Konopka P., Raymond J.P., Merceron R.E., Seneze J. Continuous administration of bromocriptine in the prevention of neurological complications in pregnant women with prolactinomas // Am J Obstet Gynecol. - 1983. - № 146. - Р. 935-938.Glasziou P., Chalmers I., Rawlins M., McCulloch P. When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise // BMJ. - 2007. - № 334. - Р. 349-351.Glasziou P., Chalmers I., Rawlins M., McCulloch P. When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise // BMJ. - 2007. - № 334. - Р. 349-351.Antunes J.L., Housepian E.M., Frantz A.G., Holub D.A., Hui R.M., Carmel P.W., Quest D.O. Prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors // Ann Neurol. - 1977. - № 2. - Р. 148-153.Antunes J.L., Housepian E.M., Frantz A.G., Holub D.A., Hui R.M., Carmel P.W., Quest D.O. Prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors // Ann Neurol. - 1977. - № 2. - Р. 148-153.Kleinberg D.L., Frantz A.G. Human prolactin: measurement in plasma by in vitro bioassay // J Clin Invest. - 1971. - № 50. - Р. 1557-1568.Kleinberg D.L., Frantz A.G. Human prolactin: measurement in plasma by in vitro bioassay // J Clin Invest. - 1971. - № 50. - Р. 1557-1568.Klibanski A., Greenspan S.L. Increase in bone mass after treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea // N Engl J Med. - 1986. - № 315. - Р. 542-546.Klibanski A., Greenspan S.L. Increase in bone mass after treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea // N Engl J Med. - 1986. - № 315. - Р. 542-546.Melmed S., Braunstein G.D., Chang R.J., Becker D.P. Pituitary tumors secreting growth hormone and prolactin // Ann Intern Med. - 1986. - № 105. - Р. 238-253.Melmed S., Braunstein G.D., Chang R.J., Becker D.P. Pituitary tumors secreting growth hormone and prolactin // Ann Intern Med. - 1986. - № 105. - Р. 238-253.Pinzone J.J., Katznelson L., Danila D.C., Pauler D.K., Miller C.S., Klibanski A. Primary medical therapy of micro- and macroprolactinomas in men // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2000. - № 85. - Р. 3053-3057.Pinzone J.J., Katznelson L., Danila D.C., Pauler D.K., Miller C.S., Klibanski A. Primary medical therapy of micro- and macroprolactinomas in men // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2000. - № 85. - Р. 3053-3057.Berinder K., Stackenäs I., Akre O., Hirschberg A.L., Hulting A.L. Hyperprolactinaemia in 271 women: up to three decades of clinical followup // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2005. - № 63. - Р. 450-455.Berinder K., Stackenäs I., Akre O., Hirschberg A.L., Hulting A.L. Hyperprolactinaemia in 271 women: up to three decades of clinical followup // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2005. - № 63. - Р. 450-455.Webster J., Piscitelli G., Polli A., D'Alberton A., Falsetti L., Ferrari C., Fioretti P., Giordano G., L'Hermite M., Ciccarelli E. Dose-dependent suppression of serum prolactin by cabergoline in hyperprolactinaemia: a placebo controlled, double blind, multicentre study. European Multicentre Cabergoline Dose-finding Study Group // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 1992. - № 37. - Р. 534-541.Webster J., Piscitelli G., Polli A., D'Alberton A., Falsetti L., Ferrari C., Fioretti P., Giordano G., L'Hermite M., Ciccarelli E. Dose-dependent suppression of serum prolactin by cabergoline in hyperprolactinaemia: a placebo controlled, double blind, multicentre study. European Multicentre Cabergoline Dose-finding Study Group // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 1992. - № 37. - Р. 534-541.Colao A., Di Sarno A., Landi M.L., Scavuzzo F., Cappabianca P., Pivonello R., Volpe R., Di Salle F., Cirillo S., Annunziato L., Lombardi G. Macroprolactinoma shrinkage during cabergoline treatment is greater in naive patients than in patients pretreated with other dopamine agonists: a prospective study in 110 patients // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2000. - № 85. - Р. 2247-2252.Colao A., Di Sarno A., Landi M.L., Scavuzzo F., Cappabianca P., Pivonello R., Volpe R., Di Salle F., Cirillo S., Annunziato L., Lombardi G. Macroprolactinoma shrinkage during cabergoline treatment is greater in naive patients than in patients pretreated with other dopamine agonists: a prospective study in 110 patients // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2000. - № 85. - Р. 2247-2252.Verhelst J., Abs R., Maiter D., van den Bruel A., Vandeweghe M., Velkeniers B., Mockel J., Lamberigts G., Petrossians P., Coremans P., Mahler C., Stevenaert A., Verlooy J., Raftopoulos C., Beckers A. Cabergoline in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a study in 455 patients // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1999. - № 84. - Р. 2518-2522.Verhelst J., Abs R., Maiter D., van den Bruel A., Vandeweghe M., Velkeniers B., Mockel J., Lamberigts G., Petrossians P., Coremans P., Mahler C., Stevenaert A., Verlooy J., Raftopoulos C., Beckers A. Cabergoline in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a study in 455 patients // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1999. - № 84. - Р. 2518-2522.De Rosa M., Zarrilli S., Vitale G., Di Somma C., Orio F., Tauchmanova' L., Lombardi G., Colao A. Six months of treatment with cabergoline restores sexual potency in hyperprolactinemic males: an open longitudinal study monitoring nocturnal penile tumescence // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2004. - № 89. - Р. 621-625.De Rosa M., Zarrilli S., Vitale G., Di Somma C., Orio F., Tauchmanova' L., Lombardi G., Colao A. Six months of treatment with cabergoline restores sexual potency in hyperprolactinemic males: an open longitudinal study monitoring nocturnal penile tumescence // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2004. - № 89. - Р. 621-625.Colao A., Vitale G., Cappabianca P., Briganti F., Ciccarelli A., De Rosa M., Zarrilli S., Lombardi G. Outcome of cabergoline treatment in men with prolactinoma: effects of a 24-month treatment on prolactin levels, tumor mass, recovery of pituitary function, and semen analysis // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2004. - № 89. - Р. 1704-1711.Colao A., Vitale G., Cappabianca P., Briganti F., Ciccarelli A., De Rosa M., Zarrilli S., Lombardi G. Outcome of cabergoline treatment in men with prolactinoma: effects of a 24-month treatment on prolactin levels, tumor mass, recovery of pituitary function, and semen analysis // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2004. - № 89. - Р. 1704-1711.De Rosa M., Ciccarelli A., Zarrilli S., Guerra E., Gaccione M., Di Sarno A., Lombardi G., Colao A. The treatment with cabergoline for 24 month normalizes the quality of seminal fluid in hyperprolactinaemic males // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2006. - № 64. - Р. 307-313.De Rosa M., Ciccarelli A., Zarrilli S., Guerra E., Gaccione M., Di Sarno A., Lombardi G., Colao A. The treatment with cabergoline for 24 month normalizes the quality of seminal fluid in hyperprolactinaemic males // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2006. - № 64. - Р. 307-313.Di Sarno A., Landi M.L., Cappabianca P., Di Salle F., Rossi F.W., Pivonello R., Di Somma C., Faggiano A., Lombardi G., Colao A. Resistance to cabergoline as compared with bromocriptine in hyperprolactinemia: prevalence, clinical definition, and therapeutic strategy // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2001. - № 86. - Р. 5256-5261.Di Sarno A., Landi M.L., Cappabianca P., Di Salle F., Rossi F.W., Pivonello R., Di Somma C., Faggiano A., Lombardi G., Colao A. Resistance to cabergoline as compared with bromocriptine in hyperprolactinemia: prevalence, clinical definition, and therapeutic strategy // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2001. - № 86. - Р. 5256-5261.Ono M., Miki N., Kawamata T., Makino R., Amano K., Seki T., Kubo O., Hori T., Takano K. Prospective study of high-dose cabergoline treatment of prolactinomas in 150 patients // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2008. - № 93. - Р. 4721-4727.Ono M., Miki N., Kawamata T., Makino R., Amano K., Seki T., Kubo O., Hori T., Takano K. Prospective study of high-dose cabergoline treatment of prolactinomas in 150 patients // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2008. - № 93. - Р. 4721-4727.Pascal-Vigneron V., Weryha G., Bosc M., Leclere J. [Hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea: treatment with cabergoline versus bromocriptine. Results of a national multicenter randomized double-blind study] // Presse Med. -1995. - № 24. - Р. 753-757.Pascal-Vigneron V., Weryha G., Bosc M., Leclere J. [Hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea: treatment with cabergoline versus bromocriptine. Results of a national multicenter randomized double-blind study] // Presse Med. -1995. - № 24. - Р. 753-757.Webster J., Piscitelli G., Polli A., Ferrari C.I., Ismail I., Scanlon M.F. A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Cabergoline Comparative Study Group // N Engl J Med. - 1994. - № 331. - Р. 904-909.Webster J., Piscitelli G., Polli A., Ferrari C.I., Ismail I., Scanlon M.F. A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Cabergoline Comparative Study Group // N Engl J Med. - 1994. - № 331. - Р. 904-909.Molitch M.E., Elton R.L., Blackwell R.E., Caldwell B., Chang R.J., Jaffe R., Joplin G., Robbins R.J., Tyson J., Thorner M.O. Bromocriptine as primary therapy for prolactin-secreting macroadenomas: results of a prospective multicenter study // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1985. - № 60. - Р. 698-705.Molitch M.E., Elton R.L., Blackwell R.E., Caldwell B., Chang R.J., Jaffe R., Joplin G., Robbins R.J., Tyson J., Thorner M.O. Bromocriptine as primary therapy for prolactin-secreting macroadenomas: results of a prospective multicenter study // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1985. - № 60. - Р. 698-705.Corenblum B., Donovan L. The safety of physiological estrogen plus progestin replacement therapy and with oral contraceptive therapy in women with pathological hyperprolactinemia // Fertil Steril. - 1993. - № 59. - Р. 671-673.Corenblum B., Donovan L. The safety of physiological estrogen plus progestin replacement therapy and with oral contraceptive therapy in women with pathological hyperprolactinemia // Fertil Steril. - 1993. - № 59. - Р. 671-673.Testa G., Vegetti W., Motta T., Alagna F., Bianchedi D., Carlucci C., Bianchi M., Parazzini F., Crosignani P.G. Two-year treatment with oral contraceptives in hyperprolactinemic patients // Contraception. - 1998. - № 58. - Р. 69-73Testa G., Vegetti W., Motta T., Alagna F., Bianchedi D., Carlucci C., Bianchi M., Parazzini F., Crosignani P.G. Two-year treatment with oral contraceptives in hyperprolactinemic patients // Contraception. - 1998. - № 58. - Р. 69-73Biswas M., Smith J., Jadon D., McEwan P., Rees D.A., Evans L.M., Scanlon M.F., Davies J.S. Long-term remission following withdrawal of dopamine agonist therapy in subjects with microprolactinomas // Clin Endocrinol. - 2005 (Oxf). - № 63. - Р. 26-31.Biswas M., Smith J., Jadon D., McEwan P., Rees D.A., Evans L.M., Scanlon M.F., Davies J.S. Long-term remission following withdrawal of dopamine agonist therapy in subjects with microprolactinomas // Clin Endocrinol. - 2005 (Oxf). - № 63. - Р. 26-31.Colao A., Di Sarno A., Cappabianca P., Di Somma C., Pivonello R., Lombardi G. Withdrawal of long-term cabergoline therapy for tumoral and nontumoral hyperprolactinemia // N Engl J Med. - 2003. - № 349. - Р. 2023-2033.Colao A., Di Sarno A., Cappabianca P., Di Somma C., Pivonello R., Lombardi G. Withdrawal of long-term cabergoline therapy for tumoral and nontumoral hyperprolactinemia // N Engl J Med. - 2003. - № 349. - Р. 2023-2033.Dekkers O.M., Lagro J., Burman P., Jørgensen J.O., Romijn J.A., Pereira A.M. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after withdrawal of dopamine agonists: systematic review and meta-analysis // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2010. - № 95. - Р. 43-51.Dekkers O.M., Lagro J., Burman P., Jørgensen J.O., Romijn J.A., Pereira A.M. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after withdrawal of dopamine agonists: systematic review and meta-analysis // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2010. - № 95. - Р. 43-51.Kharlip J., Salvatori R., Yenokyan G., Wand G.S. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after withdrawal of long-term cabergoline therapy // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2009. - № 94. - Р. 2428-2436.Kharlip J., Salvatori R., Yenokyan G., Wand G.S. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after withdrawal of long-term cabergoline therapy // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2009. - № 94. - Р. 2428-2436.Klibanski A. Dopamine agonist therapy in prolactinomas: when can treatment be discontinued? // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2009. - № 94. - Р. 2247-2249.Klibanski A. Dopamine agonist therapy in prolactinomas: when can treatment be discontinued? // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2009. - № 94. - Р. 2247-2249.Molitch M.E. Dopamine resistance of prolactinomas // Pituitary. - 2003. - № 6. - Р. 19-27.Molitch M.E. Dopamine resistance of prolactinomas // Pituitary. - 2003. - № 6. - Р. 19-27.Kukstas L.A., Domec C., Bascles L., Bonnet J., Verrier D., Israel J.M., Vincent J.D. Different expression of the two dopaminergic D2 receptors, D2415 and D2444, in two types of lactotroph each characterised by their response to dopamine, and modification of expression by sex steroids // Endocrinology. - 1991. - № 129. - Р. 1101-1103.Kukstas L.A., Domec C., Bascles L., Bonnet J., Verrier D., Israel J.M., Vincent J.D. Different expression of the two dopaminergic D2 receptors, D2415 and D2444, in two types of lactotroph each characterised by their response to dopamine, and modification of expression by sex steroids // Endocrinology. - 1991. - № 129. - Р. 1101-1103.Pellegrini I., Rasolonjanahary R., Gunz G., Bertrand P., Delivet S., Jedynak C.P., Kordon C., Peillon F., Jaquet P., Enjalbert A. Resistance to bromocriptine in prolactinomas // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1989. - № 69. - Р. 500-509.Pellegrini I., Rasolonjanahary R., Gunz G., Bertrand P., Delivet S., Jedynak C.P., Kordon C., Peillon F., Jaquet P., Enjalbert A. Resistance to bromocriptine in prolactinomas // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1989. - № 69. - Р. 500-509.Kovacs K., Stefaneanu L., Horvath E., Buchfelder M., Fahlbusch R., Becker W. Prolactin-producing pituitary tumor: resistance to dopamine agonist therapy. Case report // J Neurosurg. - 1995. - № 82. - Р. 886-890.Kovacs K., Stefaneanu L., Horvath E., Buchfelder M., Fahlbusch R., Becker W. Prolactin-producing pituitary tumor: resistance to dopamine agonist therapy. Case report // J Neurosurg. - 1995. - № 82. - Р. 886-890.Delgrange E., Daems T., Verhelst J., Abs R., Maiter D. Characterization of resistance to the prolactin-lowering effects of cabergoline in macroprolactinomas: a study in 122 patients // Eur J Endocrinol. - 2009. - № 160. - Р. 747-752.Delgrange E., Daems T., Verhelst J., Abs R., Maiter D. Characterization of resistance to the prolactin-lowering effects of cabergoline in macroprolactinomas: a study in 122 patients // Eur J Endocrinol. - 2009. - № 160. - Р. 747-752.Schade R., Andersohn F., Suissa S., Haverkamp W., Garbe E. Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation // N Engl J Med. - 2007. - № 356. - Р. 29-38.Schade R., Andersohn F., Suissa S., Haverkamp W., Garbe E. Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation // N Engl J Med. - 2007. - № 356. - Р. 29-38.Zanettini R., Antonini A., Gatto G., Gentile R., Tesei S., Pezzoli G. Valvular heart disease and the use of dopamine agonists for Parkinson's disease // N Engl J Med. - 2007. - № 356. - Р. 39-46.Zanettini R., Antonini A., Gatto G., Gentile R., Tesei S., Pezzoli G. Valvular heart disease and the use of dopamine agonists for Parkinson's disease // N Engl J Med. - 2007. - № 356. - Р. 39-46.Bogazzi F., Buralli S., Manetti L., Raffaelli V., Cigni T., Lombardi M., Boresi F., Taddei S., Salvetti A., Martino E. Treatment with low doses of cabergoline is not associated with increased prevalence of cardiac valve regurgitation in patients with hyperprolactinaemia // Int J Clin Pract. - 2008. - № 62. - Р. 1864-1869.Bogazzi F., Buralli S., Manetti L., Raffaelli V., Cigni T., Lombardi M., Boresi F., Taddei S., Salvetti A., Martino E. Treatment with low doses of cabergoline is not associated with increased prevalence of cardiac valve regurgitation in patients with hyperprolactinaemia // Int J Clin Pract. - 2008. - № 62. - Р. 1864-1869.Herring N., Szmigielski C., Becher H., Karavitaki N., Wass J.A. Valvular heart disease and the use of cabergoline for the treatment of prolactinoma // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2009. - № 70. - Р. 104-108.Herring N., Szmigielski C., Becher H., Karavitaki N., Wass J.A. Valvular heart disease and the use of cabergoline for the treatment of prolactinoma // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2009. - № 70. - Р. 104-108.Kars M., Delgado V., Holman E.R., Feelders R.A., Smit J.W., Romijn J.A., Bax J.J., Pereira A.M. Aortic valve calcification and mild tricuspid regurgitation but no clinical heart disease after 8 years of dopamine agonist therapy for prolactinoma // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2008. - № 93. - Р. 3348-3356.Kars M., Delgado V., Holman E.R., Feelders R.A., Smit J.W., Romijn J.A., Bax J.J., Pereira A.M. Aortic valve calcification and mild tricuspid regurgitation but no clinical heart disease after 8 years of dopamine agonist therapy for prolactinoma // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2008. - № 93. - Р. 3348-3356.Lancellotti P., Livadariu E., Markov M., Daly A.F., Burlacu M.C., Betea D., Pierard L., Beckers A. Cabergoline and the risk of valvular lesions in endocrine disease // Eur J Endocrinol 2008. - № 159. - Р. 1-5.Lancellotti P., Livadariu E., Markov M., Daly A.F., Burlacu M.C., Betea D., Pierard L., Beckers A. Cabergoline and the risk of valvular lesions in endocrine disease // Eur J Endocrinol 2008. - № 159. - Р. 1-5.Vallette S., Serri K., Rivera J., Santagata P., Delorme S., Garfield N., Kahtani N., Beauregard H., Aris-Jilwan N., Houde G., Serri O. Long-term cabergoline therapy is not associated with valvular heart disease in patients with prolactinomas // Pituitary. - 2009. - № 12. - Р. 153-157.Vallette S., Serri K., Rivera J., Santagata P., Delorme S., Garfield N., Kahtani N., Beauregard H., Aris-Jilwan N., Houde G., Serri O. Long-term cabergoline therapy is not associated with valvular heart disease in patients with prolactinomas // Pituitary. - 2009. - № 12. - Р. 153-157.Wakil A., Rigby A.S., Clark A.L., Kallvikbacka-Bennett A., Atkin S.L. Low dose cabergoline for hyperprolactinaemia is not associated with clinically significant valvular heart disease // Eur J Endocrinol. - 2008. - № 159. - Р. R11-14.Wakil A., Rigby A.S., Clark A.L., Kallvikbacka-Bennett A., Atkin S.L. Low dose cabergoline for hyperprolactinaemia is not associated with clinically significant valvular heart disease // Eur J Endocrinol. - 2008. - № 159. - Р. R11-14.Colao A., Di Somma C., Pivonello R., Faggiano A., Lombardi G., Savastano S. Medical therapy for clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas // Endocr Relat Cancer. - 2008. - № 15. - Р. 905-915.Colao A., Di Somma C., Pivonello R., Faggiano A., Lombardi G., Savastano S. Medical therapy for clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas // Endocr Relat Cancer. - 2008. - № 15. - Р. 905-915.Jaffe C.A., Barkan A.L. Treatment of acromegaly with dopamine agonists // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 1992. - № 21. - Р. 713-735.Jaffe C.A., Barkan A.L. Treatment of acromegaly with dopamine agonists // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 1992. - № 21. - Р. 713-735.Colao A., Di Sarno A., Sarnacchiaro F., Ferone D., Di Renzo G., Merola B., Annunziato L., Lombardi G. Prolactinomas resistant to standard dopamine agonists respond to chronic cabergoline treatment // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1997. - № 82. - Р. 876-883.Colao A., Di Sarno A., Sarnacchiaro F., Ferone D., Di Renzo G., Merola B., Annunziato L., Lombardi G. Prolactinomas resistant to standard dopamine agonists respond to chronic cabergoline treatment // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1997. - № 82. - Р. 876-883.Freda P.U., Andreadis C.I., Khandji A.G., Khoury M., Bruce J.N., Jacobs T.P., Wardlaw S.L. Long-term treatment of prolactin-secreting macroadenomas with pergolide // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2000. - № 85. - Р. 8-13.Freda P.U., Andreadis C.I., Khandji A.G., Khoury M., Bruce J.N., Jacobs T.P., Wardlaw S.L. Long-term treatment of prolactin-secreting macroadenomas with pergolide // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2000. - № 85. - Р. 8-13.Losa M., Mortini P., Barzaghi R., Gioia L., Giovanelli M. Surgical treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: early results and long-term outcome // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2002. - № 87. - Р. 3180-3186.Losa M., Mortini P., Barzaghi R., Gioia L., Giovanelli M. Surgical treatment of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: early results and long-term outcome // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2002. - № 87. - Р. 3180-3186.Serri O., Rasio E., Beauregard H., Hardy J., Somma M. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy in women with prolactinoma // N Engl J Med. - 1983. - № 309. - Р. 280-283.Serri O., Rasio E., Beauregard H., Hardy J., Somma M. Recurrence of hyperprolactinemia after selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy in women with prolactinoma // N Engl J Med. - 1983. - № 309. - Р. 280-283.Brada M., Jankowska P. Radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 2008. - № 37. - Р. 263-275, XI.Brada M., Jankowska P. Radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 2008. - № 37. - Р. 263-275, XI.Kaltsas G.A., Nomikos P., Kontogeorgos G., Buchfelder M., Grossman A.B. Clinical review: diagnosis and management of pituitary carcinomas // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2005. - № 90. - Р. 3089-3099.Kaltsas G.A., Nomikos P., Kontogeorgos G., Buchfelder M., Grossman A.B. Clinical review: diagnosis and management of pituitary carcinomas // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2005. - № 90. - Р. 3089-3099.Kars M., Roelfsema F., Romijn J.A., Pereira A.M. Malignant prolactinoma: case report and review of the literature // Eur J Endocrinol. - 2006. - № 155. - Р. 523-534.Kars M., Roelfsema F., Romijn J.A., Pereira A.M. Malignant prolactinoma: case report and review of the literature // Eur J Endocrinol. - 2006. - № 155. - Р. 523-534.Popadiæ A., Witzmann A., Buchfelder M., Eiter H., Komminoth P. Malignant prolactinoma: case report and review of the literature // Surg Neurol. - 1999. - № 51. - Р. 47-54; discussion 54-55.Popadiæ A., Witzmann A., Buchfelder M., Eiter H., Komminoth P. Malignant prolactinoma: case report and review of the literature // Surg Neurol. - 1999. - № 51. - Р. 47-54; discussion 54-55.Lim S., Shahinian H., Maya M.M., Yong W., Heaney A.P. Temozolomide: a novel treatment for pituitary carcinoma // Lancet Oncol. - 2006. - № 7. - Р. 518-520.Lim S., Shahinian H., Maya M.M., Yong W., Heaney A.P. Temozolomide: a novel treatment for pituitary carcinoma // Lancet Oncol. - 2006. - № 7. - Р. 518-520.McCormack A.I., McDonald K.L., Gill A.J., Clark S.J., Burt M.G., Campbell K.A., Braund W.J., Little N.S., Cook R.J., Grossman A.B., Robinson B.G., Clifton-Bligh R.J. Low O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expression and response to temozolomide in aggressive pituitary tumours // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2009. - № 71. - Р. 226-233.McCormack A.I., McDonald K.L., Gill A.J., Clark S.J., Burt M.G., Campbell K.A., Braund W.J., Little N.S., Cook R.J., Grossman A.B., Robinson B.G., Clifton-Bligh R.J. Low O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expression and response to temozolomide in aggressive pituitary tumours // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2009. - № 71. - Р. 226-233.Hagen C., Schroeder H.D., Hansen S., Hagen C., Andersen M. Temozolomide treatment of a pituitary carcinoma and two pituitary macroadenomas resistant to conventional therapy // Eur J Endocrinol. - 2009. - № 161. - Р. 631-637.Hagen C., Schroeder H.D., Hansen S., Hagen C., Andersen M. Temozolomide treatment of a pituitary carcinoma and two pituitary macroadenomas resistant to conventional therapy // Eur J Endocrinol. - 2009. - № 161. - Р. 631-637.Kovacs K., Horvath E., Syro L.V., Uribe H., Penagos L.C., Ortiz L.D., Fadul C.E. Temozolomide therapy in a man with an aggressive prolactin-secreting pituitary neoplasm: morphological findings // Hum Pathol. - 2007. - № 38. - Р. 185-189.Kovacs K., Horvath E., Syro L.V., Uribe H., Penagos L.C., Ortiz L.D., Fadul C.E. Temozolomide therapy in a man with an aggressive prolactin-secreting pituitary neoplasm: morphological findings // Hum Pathol. - 2007. - № 38. - Р. 185-189.Bush Z.M., Longtine J.A., Cunningham T., Schiff D., Jane J.A., Jr, Vance M.L., Thorner M.O., Laws E.R., Jr, Lopes M.B. Temozolomide treatment for aggressive pituitary tumors: correlation of clinical outcome with O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation and expression // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2010. - № 95. - Р. E280-E290.Bush Z.M., Longtine J.A., Cunningham T., Schiff D., Jane J.A., Jr, Vance M.L., Thorner M.O., Laws E.R., Jr, Lopes M.B. Temozolomide treatment for aggressive pituitary tumors: correlation of clinical outcome with O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation and expression // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2010. - № 95. - Р. E280-E290.Bigazzi M., Ronga R., Lancranjan I., Ferraro S., Branconi F., Buzzoni P., Martorana G., Scarselli G.F., Del Pozo E. A pregnancy in an acromegalic woman during bromocriptine treatment: effects on growth hormone and prolactin in the maternal, fetal, and amniotic compartments // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1979. - № 48. - Р. 9-12.Bigazzi M., Ronga R., Lancranjan I., Ferraro S., Branconi F., Buzzoni P., Martorana G., Scarselli G.F., Del Pozo E. A pregnancy in an acromegalic woman during bromocriptine treatment: effects on growth hormone and prolactin in the maternal, fetal, and amniotic compartments // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1979. - № 48. - Р. 9-12.Molitch M.E. Pituitary disorders during pregnancy // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 2006. - № 35. - Р. 99-116, VI.Molitch M.E. Pituitary disorders during pregnancy // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 2006. - № 35. - Р. 99-116, VI.Raymond J.P., Goldstein E., Konopka P., Leleu M.F., Merceron R.E., Loria Y. Follow-up of children born of bromocriptine-treated mothers // Horm Res. - 1985. - № 22. - Р. 239-246.Raymond J.P., Goldstein E., Konopka P., Leleu M.F., Merceron R.E., Loria Y. Follow-up of children born of bromocriptine-treated mothers // Horm Res. - 1985. - № 22. - Р. 239-246.Christin-Maître S., Delemer B., Touraine P., Young J. Prolactinoma and estrogens: pregnancy, contraception and hormonal replacement therapy // Ann Endocrinol (Paris). - 2007. - № 68. - Р. 106-112.Christin-Maître S., Delemer B., Touraine P., Young J. Prolactinoma and estrogens: pregnancy, contraception and hormonal replacement therapy // Ann Endocrinol (Paris). - 2007. - № 68. - Р. 106-112.Colao A., Abs R., Bárcena D.G., Chanson P., Paulus W., Kleinberg D.L. Pregnancy outcomes following cabergoline treatment: extended results from a 12-year observational study // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2008. - № 68. - Р. 66-71.Colao A., Abs R., Bárcena D.G., Chanson P., Paulus W., Kleinberg D.L. Pregnancy outcomes following cabergoline treatment: extended results from a 12-year observational study // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 2008. - № 68. - Р. 66-71.Ono M., Miki N., Amano K., Kawamata T., Seki T., Makino R., Takano K., Izumi S., Okada Y., Hori T. Individualized high-dose cabergoline therapy for hyperprolactinemic infertility in women with micro- and macroprolactinomas// J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2010. - № 95. - Р. 2672-2679.Ono M., Miki N., Amano K., Kawamata T., Seki T., Makino R., Takano K., Izumi S., Okada Y., Hori T. Individualized high-dose cabergoline therapy for hyperprolactinemic infertility in women with micro- and macroprolactinomas// J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2010. - № 95. - Р. 2672-2679.Robert E., Musatti L., Piscitelli G., Ferrari C.I. Pregnancy outcome after treatment with the ergot derivative, cabergoline // Reprod Toxicol. - 1996. - № 10. - Р. 333-337.Robert E., Musatti L., Piscitelli G., Ferrari C.I. Pregnancy outcome after treatment with the ergot derivative, cabergoline // Reprod Toxicol. - 1996. - № 10. - Р. 333-337.Bronstein M.D. Prolactinomas and pregnancy // Pituitary. - 2005. - № 8. - Р. 31-38.Bronstein M.D. Prolactinomas and pregnancy // Pituitary. - 2005. - № 8. - Р. 31-38.Webster J. A comparative review of the tolerability profiles of dopamine agonists in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia and inhibition of lactation // Drug Saf. - 1996. - № 14. - Р. 228-238.Webster J. A comparative review of the tolerability profiles of dopamine agonists in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia and inhibition of lactation // Drug Saf. - 1996. - № 14. - Р. 228-238.Rigg L.A., Lein A., Yen S.S. Pattern of increase in circulating prolactin levels during human gestation // Am J Obstet Gynecol. - 1977. - № 129. - Р. 454-456.Rigg L.A., Lein A., Yen S.S. Pattern of increase in circulating prolactin levels during human gestation // Am J Obstet Gynecol. - 1977. - № 129. - Р. 454-456.Gonzalez J.G., Elizondo G., Saldivar D., Nanez H., Todd L.E., Villarreal J.Z. Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: an in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging // Am J Med. - 1988. - № 85. - Р. 217-220.Gonzalez J.G., Elizondo G., Saldivar D., Nanez H., Todd L.E., Villarreal J.Z. Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: an in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging // Am J Med. - 1988. - № 85. - Р. 217-220.Divers W.A., Jr, Yen S.S. Prolactin-producing microadenomas in pregnancy // Obstet Gynecol. - 1983 62. - Р. 425-429.Divers W.A., Jr, Yen S.S. Prolactin-producing microadenomas in pregnancy // Obstet Gynecol. - 1983 62. - Р. 425-429.Crosignani P.G., Mattei A.M., Severini V., Cavioni V., Maggioni P., Testa G. Longterm effects of time, medical treatment and pregnancy in 176 hyperprolactinemic women // Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. - 1992. - № 44. - Р. 175-180.Crosignani P.G., Mattei A.M., Severini V., Cavioni V., Maggioni P., Testa G. Longterm effects of time, medical treatment and pregnancy in 176 hyperprolactinemic women // Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. - 1992. - № 44. - Р. 175-180.Jeffcoate W.J., Pound N., Sturrock N.D., Lambourne J. Long-term follow-up of patients with hyperprolactinaemia // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 1996. - № 45. - Р. 299-303.Jeffcoate W.J., Pound N., Sturrock N.D., Lambourne J. Long-term follow-up of patients with hyperprolactinaemia // Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). - 1996. - № 45. - Р. 299-303.Kupersmith M.J., Rosenberg C., Kleinberg D. Visual loss in pregnant women with pituitary adenomas // Ann Intern Med. - 1994. - № 121. - Р. 473-477.Kupersmith M.J., Rosenberg C., Kleinberg D. Visual loss in pregnant women with pituitary adenomas // Ann Intern Med. - 1994. - № 121. - Р. 473-477.Molitch M.E. Medical treatment of prolactinomas // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 1999. - № 28. - Р. 143-169, VII.Molitch M.E. Medical treatment of prolactinomas // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. - 1999. - № 28. - Р. 143-169, VII.Johnston D.G., Prescott R.W., Kendall-Taylor P., Hall K., Crombie A.L., Hall R., McGregor A., Watson M.J., Cook D.B. Hyperprolactinemia. Long-term effects of bromocriptine // Am J Med. - 1983. - № 75. - Р. 868-874.Johnston D.G., Prescott R.W., Kendall-Taylor P., Hall K., Crombie A.L., Hall R., McGregor A., Watson M.J., Cook D.B. Hyperprolactinemia. Long-term effects of bromocriptine // Am J Med. - 1983. - № 75. - Р. 868-874.Scheithauer B.W., Sano T., Kovacs K.T., Young W.F., Jr, Ryan N., Randall R.V. The pituitary gland in pregnancy: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 69 cases // Mayo Clin Proc. - 1990. - № 65. - Р. 461-474.Scheithauer B.W., Sano T., Kovacs K.T., Young W.F., Jr, Ryan N., Randall R.V. The pituitary gland in pregnancy: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 69 cases // Mayo Clin Proc. - 1990. - № 65. - Р. 461-474.Heaney A.P., Fernando M., Melmed S. Functional role of estrogen in pituitary tumor pathogenesis // J Clin Invest. - 2002. - № 109. - Р. 277-283.Heaney A.P., Fernando M., Melmed S. Functional role of estrogen in pituitary tumor pathogenesis // J Clin Invest. - 2002. - № 109. - Р. 277-283.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.