<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ometendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ожирение и метаболизм</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Obesity and metabolism</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8713</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2306-5524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology Research Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/omet13218</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ometendo-13218</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Генетическая структура раннего морбидного ожирения у детей в Российской Федерации: пилотное исследование</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genetic structure of early morbid obesity in children in the Russian Federation: a pilot study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9299-1053</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васюкова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasyukova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васюкова Ольга Владимировна - к.м.н; Researcher ID: AAO-375 0-2020; Scopus Author ID: 57192194141.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Vasyukova - MD, PhD; Researcher ID: AAO-375 0-2020; Scopus Author ID: 57192194141.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Vasukova.Olga@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2932-0399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копытина</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kopytina</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Копытина Дарья Александровна - Scopus Author ID: 58853779500</p><p>117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria A. Kopytina – MD; Scopus Author ID: 58853779500.</p><p>11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Kopytina.Daria@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9834-727X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Окороков</surname><given-names>П. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Okorokov</surname><given-names>P. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Окороков Павел Леонидович - к.м.н.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel L. Okorokov - MD</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pokorokov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9789-9555</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салахов</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salakhov</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Салахов Рамиль Ринатович - к.м.н.; ResearcherID: AAG-3914-2020; Scopus AuthorID: 55821948700; AuthorID: 630315.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ramil R. Salakhov – MD; ResearcherID: AAG-3914-2020; Scopus AuthorID: 55821948700; AuthorID: 630315.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">salakhov.ramil@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8643-850X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хусаинова</surname><given-names>Р. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusainova</surname><given-names>R. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хусаинова Рита Игоревна - д.б.н.; Researcher ID: E-6061-2014; Scopus Author ID: 6602798130.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rita I. Khusainova - PhD in biology; Researcher ID: E-6061-2014; Scopus Author ID: 6602798130.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khusainova.rita@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7045-8215</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минниахметов</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minniakhmetov</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минниахметов Илдар Рамилевич - к.б.н.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ildar R. Minniakhmetov - PhD in biology.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">minniakhmetov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6429-7198</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нагаева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nagaeva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нагаева Елена Витальевна - д.м.н.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Nagaeva - MD, PhD.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nagaeva.elena@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9621-5732</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Безлепкина</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bezlepkina</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Безлепкина Ольга Борисовна - д.м.н., профессор.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga B. Bezlepkina - MD, PhD, Professor.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olgabezlepkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5507-4627</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петеркова</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Peterkova</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петеркова Валентина Александровна - д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valentina A. Peterkova - PhD, professor, academician of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">peterkovava@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9717-9742</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мокрышева</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokrysheva</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мокрышева Наталья Георгиевна - д.м.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН; ResearcherID: AAY-3761-2020; Scopus Author ID: 35269746000.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia G. Mokrysheva - MD, PhD, Professor; ResearcherID: AAY-3761-2020; Scopus Author ID: 35269746000.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mokrisheva.natalia@endocrincentr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии им. академика И.И. Дедова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.I. Dedov National Medical Research Center of Endocrinology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Васюкова О.В., Копытина Д.А., Окороков П.Л., Салахов Р.Р., Хусаинова Р.И., Минниахметов И.Р., Нагаева Е.В., Безлепкина О.Б., Петеркова В.А., Мокрышева Н.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Васюкова О.В., Копытина Д.А., Окороков П.Л., Салахов Р.Р., Хусаинова Р.И., Минниахметов И.Р., Нагаева Е.В., Безлепкина О.Б., Петеркова В.А., Мокрышева Н.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vasyukova O.V., Kopytina D.A., Okorokov P.L., Salakhov R.R., Khusainova R.I., Minniakhmetov I.R., Nagaeva E.V., Bezlepkina O.B., Peterkova V.A., Mokrysheva N.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13218">https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13218</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Обоснование</title><p>Обоснование. В современном мире, где избыточная масса тела и ожирение становятся все более распространенными, особенно тревожным фактором можно назвать появление морбидных форм среди детей младшего возраста (до 7 лет), что считается наиболее нетипичным явлением и представляет особый интерес для поиска причин данной патологии. По данным литературы, около 7% случаев тяжелого детского ожирения связано с различными генетическими нарушениями. Вместе с тем распространенность моногенного и синдромального ожирения в российской популяции остается неизвестной.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучить клинические особенности и генетические характеристики пациентов с ожирением, возникшим в раннем детском возрасте.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обследовано 115 пациентов (49 девочек (42,6% случаев, 95% ДИ [33,4; 52,1]), 66 мальчиков (57,4% случаев, 95% ДИ [47,8; 66,5]) с ожирением (SDS ИМТ&gt;3,0) и дебютом заболевания в раннем возрасте (до 7 лет). Всем пациентам проведено комплексное обследование. Генетическое исследование включало в себя полноэкзомное секвенирование методом NGS (next-generation sequencing) или генетический анализ методом метил-чувствительной мультиплексной лигазо-зависимой амплификации зондов (МЧ-MLPA) (при выявлении анамнестических, фенотипических, клинических данных, позволяющих заподозрить болезни геномного импринтинга).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В нашем исследовании у 48,7% детей выявлены изменения нуклеотидной последовательности в следующих генах: SNRPN, GNAS, MC4R, POMC, ALMS1, MKKS, BBS10, SIM1, PCSK1, LEP, ADCY3, MAGEL2, BBS1, BBS7, NTRK2, SH2B1, SEMA3A, LEPR, NRP2, MC3R, ADRB2, DYRK1B, KSR2, ENPP1, KCNJ11, FFAR4, PACS1, NAA10, METTL5, ADNP, TRIP12, SPEN, FAT1, KCNJ15, BAP1, TNPO2, MKLC, SNRPN, GNAS. По результатам генетического исследования пациенты распределены на 2 группы: группа 1 — «генетическое ожирение», группа 2 — «ожирение с неустановленной причиной». Медиана возраста пациентов на момент обследования составила 8,2 года [5,5; 13,6], SDS ИМТ составила 4,0 [3,6; 4,4]. Пациенты обеих групп были сопоставимы по возрасту, SDS ИМТ, SDS роста. У пациентов с ожирением с неустановленной причиной отягощенный наследственный анамнез по ожирению встречался статистически значимо чаще, чем у пациентов с генетическими нарушениями (p&lt;0,001). Полифагия у пациентов с генетическими нарушениями встречалась более чем в 79% случаев, тогда как у пациентов с «простым» ожирением данный симптом полностью отсутствовал (p&lt;0,001). Частота встречаемости метаболических осложнений ожирения, таких как нарушения углеводного обмена, инсулинорезистентность, неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени, артериальная гипертензия статистически значимо не различалась у пациентов обеих групп.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Высокий процент выявленных генетических изменений в нашей когорте можно объяснить строгими критериями включения пациентов в исследование, что подчеркивает актуальность данной работы. Дальнейшее изу­чение патогенетических механизмов ожирения будет способствовать созданию таргетной терапии, что позволит разрабатывать персонализированный подход к лечению и профилактике данного заболевания.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>OBSERVATION</title><p>OBSERVATION. In the modern world, where overweight and obesity are becoming more and more widespread, a particularly alarming factor is the appearance of morbid forms among young children (up to 7 years old), which is the most atypical phenomenon and is of particular interest in the search for the causes of this pathology. According to the published data, about 7% of cases of severe pediatric obesity are associated with various genetic disorders. At the same time, the prevalence of monogenic and syndromal obesity in the Russian population remains unknown.</p></sec><sec><title>OBJECTIVE</title><p>OBJECTIVE. To study the clinical features and genetic characteristics of patients with obesity occurring in early childhood.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. We examined 115 patients (49 girls (42.6% of cases, 95% CI [33.4; 52.1]), 66 boys (57.4% of cases, 95% CI [47.8; 66.5]) with obesity (SDS BMI &gt;3.0) and the disease debut at an early age (up to 7 years). All patients underwent a comprehensive examination. Genetic study included full-exome sequencing by NGS (next-generation sequencing) or genetic analysis by methyl-sensitive multiplex ligase-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) (in case anamnestic, phenotypic, clinical data suggestive of genomic imprinting diseases are identified).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. In our study, 48.7% of children showed nucleotide sequence changes in the following genes: SNRPN, GNAS, MC4R, POMC, ALMS1, MKKS, BBS10, SIM1, PCSK1, LEP, ADCY3, MAGEL2, BBS1, BBS7, NTRK2, SH2B1, SEMA3A, LEPR, NRP2, MC3R, ADRB2, DYRK1B, KSR2, ENPP1, KCNJ11, FFAR4, PACS1, NAA10, METTL5, ADNP, TRIP12, SPEN, FAT1, KCNJ15, BAP1, TNPO2, MKLC1, SNRPN, GNAS. As per the results of the genetic study, the patients divided into 2 groups: group 1 — “genetic obesity”, group 2 — “obesity with unidentified cause”. The median age of patients at the time of examination was 8.2 years [5.5; 13.6], and the SDS of BMI was 4.0 [3.6; 4.4]. Patients in both groups were comparable in age, SDS of BMI, and SDS of height. In obese patients with an unspecified cause, an aggravated hereditary history of obesity was statistically significantly more common than in patients with genetic disorders (p&lt;0.001). Polyphagia in patients with genetic disorders occurred in more than 79% of cases, whereas in patients with “simple” obesity this symptom was completely absent (p&lt;0.001). The incidence of metabolic complications of obesity, such as carbohydrate metabolism disorders, insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and arterial hypertension did not differ statistically significantly between patients in both groups.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. The high percentage of detected genetic alterations in our cohort might be explained by the strict criteria for inclusion of patients in the study, which emphasizes the relevance of this work. Further study of the pathogenetic mechanisms of obesity will contribute to the development of targeted therapy, which will allow the development of a personalized approach to the treatment and prevention of this disease.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>генетика</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>моногенное ожирение</kwd><kwd>полифагия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>genetics</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>monogenic obesity</kwd><kwd>polyphagia</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование было проведено при содействии Фонда поддержки и развития филантропии «КАФ», бюджетных средств лечебно-профилактического учреждения — участника исследования (ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» Минздрава России)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vajravelu ME, Tas E, Arslanian S. Pediatric Obesity: Complications and Current Day Management. Life (Basel). 2023;13(7):1591. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071591</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vajravelu ME, Tas E, Arslanian S. Pediatric Obesity: Complications and Current Day Management. Life (Basel). 2023;13(7):1591. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071591</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васюкова О.В., Окороков П.Л., Малиевский О.А., Неймарк А.Е., Зорин Е.А., Яшков Ю.И., Бурмицкая Ю.В., Копытина Д.А., Безлепкина О.Б., Петеркова В.А. Клинические рекомендации «Ожирение у детей» // Ожирение и метаболизм. — 2024. — Т. 21. — №4. — C. 439-453. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/omet13194</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasyukova OV, Okorokov PL, Malievskiy OA, Neimark AE, Zorin EA, Yashkov YI, Burmitskaya YV, Kopytina DA, Peterkova VA, Bezlepkina OB. Clinical guidelines «Obesity in children». Obesity and metabolism. 2024;21(4):439-453. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/omet13194</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malhotra S, Sivasubramanian R, Srivastava G. Evaluation and Management of Early Onset Genetic Obesity in Childhood. J Pediatr Genet. 2021;10(3):194-204. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malhotra S, Sivasubramanian R, Srivastava G. Evaluation and Management of Early Onset Genetic Obesity in Childhood. J Pediatr Genet. 2021;10(3):194-204. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dykens EM, Maxwell MA, Pantino E, Kossler R, Roof E. Assessment of hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(7):1816-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.216</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dykens EM, Maxwell MA, Pantino E, Kossler R, Roof E. Assessment of hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(7):1816-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.216</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasyukova OV. Insulin, leptin, lipidy i perifericheskie rostovye faktory pri ozhirenii u detey [Dissertation]. — Moscow. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl201460213-19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasyukova OV. Insulin, leptin, lipidy i perifericheskie rostovye faktory pri ozhirenii u detey [Dissertation]. — Moscow. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl201460213-19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takahara M, Katakami N, Kaneto H, Noguchi M, Shimomura I. Distribution of the Matsuda Index in Japanese healthy subjects. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4(4):369-371. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12056</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takahara M, Katakami N, Kaneto H, Noguchi M, Shimomura I. Distribution of the Matsuda Index in Japanese healthy subjects. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4(4):369-371. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12056</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vajro P, Lenta S, Socha P, et al. Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(5):700-713. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e318252a13f</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vajro P, Lenta S, Socha P, et al. Diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(5):700-713. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e318252a13f</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В.Т., Маевская М.В., Павлов Ч.С., Тихонов И.Н., Широкова Е.Н., Буеверов А.О., Драпкина О.М., Шульпекова Ю.О., Цуканов В.В., Маммаев С.Н., Маев И.В., Пальгова Л.К. Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению неалкогольной жировой болезни печени Российского общества по изучению печени и Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2016;26(2):24-42. doi: https://doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2016-26-2-24-42</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin V.T., Mayevskaya M.V., Pavlov Ch.S., Tikhonov I.N., Shirokova Ye.N., Buyeverov A.O., Drapkina O.M., Shulpekova Yu.O., Tsukanov V.V., Mammayev S.N., Mayev I.V., Palgova L.K. Diagnostics and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: clinical guidelines of the Russian Scientific Liver Society and the Russian gastroenterological association. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2016;26(2):24-42. (In Russ.) doi: https://doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2016-26-2-24-42</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александров А.А., Кисляк О.А., Леонтьева И.В. Клинические рекомендации. Диагностика, лечение и профилактика артериальной гипертензии у детей и подростков. // Системные гипертензии. — 2020. — Т.17. — №2. — С.7-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/2075082X.2020.2.200126</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrov AA, Kisliak OA, Leontyeva IV. Clinical guidelines on arterial hypertension diagnosis, treatment and prevention in children and adolescents. Systemic Hypertension. 2020;17(2):7-35. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/2075082X.2020.2.200126</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, Bick D, Das S, et al. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med. 2015;17(5):405-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.30</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, Bick D, Das S, et al. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med. 2015;17(5):405-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.30</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыжкова О.П., Кардымон О.Л., Прохорчук Е.Б., Коновалов Ф.А., Масленников А.Б., и др. Руководство по интерпретации данных последовательности ДНК человека, полученных методами массового параллельного секвенирования (MPS) (редакция 2018, версия 2). // Медицинская генетика. — 2019. — Т.18. — №2. — С.3-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.25557/2073-7998.2019.02.3-23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryzhkova O.P., Kardymon O.L., Prohorchuk E.B., Konovalov F.A., Maslennikov A.B., et al. Guidelines for the interpretation of massive parallel sequencing variants (update 2018, v2). Medical genetics 2019; 18(2): 3-24 [In Rus]. doi: https://doi.org/10.25557/2073-7998.2019.02.3-23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Javadi A, Shamaei M, Mohammadi Ziazi L, Pourabdollah M, Dorudinia A, et al. Qualification study of two genomic DNA extraction methods in different clinical samples. Tanaffos. 2014;13(4):41-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Javadi A, Shamaei M, Mohammadi Ziazi L, Pourabdollah M, Dorudinia A, et al. Qualification study of two genomic DNA extraction methods in different clinical samples. Tanaffos. 2014;13(4):41-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панченко Е.Г., Васюкова О.В., Окороков П.Л., Копытина Д.А., Сигин В.О., Стрельников В.В., Залетаев Д.В. Клинический случай многолокусного нарушения импринтинга: первое описание в Российской Федерации. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2024;69(4):90-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2024-69-4-90-96</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panchenko E.G., Vasyukova O.V., Okorokov P.L., Kopytina D.A., Sigin V.O., Strelnikov V.V., Zaletaev D.V. A clinical case of multilocus imprinting disturbances: the first description in the Russian Federation. Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics). 2024;69(4):90-96. (In Russ.) doi: https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2024-69-4-90-96</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">da Fonseca ACP, Mastronardi C, Johar A, Arcos-Burgos M, Paz-Filho G. Genetics of non-syndromic childhood obesity and the use of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies. J Diabetes Complicat. 2017;31:1549–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.04.026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">da Fonseca ACP, Mastronardi C, Johar A, Arcos-Burgos M, Paz-Filho G. Genetics of non-syndromic childhood obesity and the use of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies. J Diabetes Complicat. 2017;31:1549–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.04.026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malhotra S, Sivasubramanian R, Srivastava G. Evaluation and Management of Early Onset Genetic Obesity in Childhood. J Pediatr Genet. 2021;10:194–204. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malhotra S, Sivasubramanian R, Srivastava G. Evaluation and Management of Early Onset Genetic Obesity in Childhood. J Pediatr Genet. 2021;10:194–204. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1731035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akıncı A, Türkkahraman D, Tekedereli İ, et al. Novel Mutations in Obesity-related Genes in Turkish Children with Non-syndromic Early Onset Severe Obesity: A Multicentre Study. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2019;11:341–349. doi: https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akıncı A, Türkkahraman D, Tekedereli İ, et al. Novel Mutations in Obesity-related Genes in Turkish Children with Non-syndromic Early Onset Severe Obesity: A Multicentre Study. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2019;11:341–349. doi: https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Šket R, Kotnik P, Bizjan BJ, Kocen V, Mlinarič M, et al. Heterozygous Genetic Variants in Autosomal Recessive Genes of the Leptin-Melanocortin Signalling Pathway Are Associated With the Development of Childhood Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:832911. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.832911</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Šket R, Kotnik P, Bizjan BJ, Kocen V, Mlinarič M, et al. Heterozygous Genetic Variants in Autosomal Recessive Genes of the Leptin-Melanocortin Signalling Pathway Are Associated With the Development of Childhood Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:832911. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.832911</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loid P, Mustila T, Mäkitie RE, Viljakainen H, Kämpe A, et al. Rare Variants in Genes Linked to Appetite Control and Hypothalamic Development in Early-Onset Severe Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:81. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00081</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loid P, Mustila T, Mäkitie RE, Viljakainen H, Kämpe A, et al. Rare Variants in Genes Linked to Appetite Control and Hypothalamic Development in Early-Onset Severe Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:81. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00081</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nalbantoğlu Ö, Hazan F, Acar S, Gürsoy S, Özkan B. Screening of non-syndromic early-onset child and adolescent obese patients in terms of LEP, LEPR, MC4R and POMC gene variants by next-generation sequencing. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2022;35(8):1041-1050. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2022-0027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nalbantoğlu Ö, Hazan F, Acar S, Gürsoy S, Özkan B. Screening of non-syndromic early-onset child and adolescent obese patients in terms of LEP, LEPR, MC4R and POMC gene variants by next-generation sequencing. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2022;35(8):1041-1050. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2022-0027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohammed I, Haris B, Al-Barazenji T, Vasudeva D, Tomei S, et al. Understanding the Genetics of Early-Onset Obesity in a Cohort of Children From Qatar. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(12):3201-3213. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad366</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohammed I, Haris B, Al-Barazenji T, Vasudeva D, Tomei S, et al. Understanding the Genetics of Early-Onset Obesity in a Cohort of Children From Qatar. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(12):3201-3213. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad366</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">George A, Navi S, Nanda P, Daniel R, Anand K, et al. Clinical and molecular characterisation of children with monogenic obesity: a case series. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2024;30(2):104-109. doi: https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2024.140934</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">George A, Navi S, Nanda P, Daniel R, Anand K, et al. Clinical and molecular characterisation of children with monogenic obesity: a case series. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2024;30(2):104-109. doi: https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2024.140934</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morandi A, Fornari E, Corradi M, Umano GR, et al. Variant reclassification over time decreases the level of diagnostic uncertainty in monogenic obesity: Experience from two centres. Pediatr Obes. 2024;19(12):e13183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.13183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morandi A, Fornari E, Corradi M, Umano GR, et al. Variant reclassification over time decreases the level of diagnostic uncertainty in monogenic obesity: Experience from two centres. Pediatr Obes. 2024;19(12):e13183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.13183</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature. 1997;387:903–908. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/43185</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature. 1997;387:903–908. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/43185</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farooqi IS, Jebb SA, Langmack G, Lawrence E, Cheetham CH, et al. Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:879–884. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199909163411204</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farooqi IS, Jebb SA, Langmack G, Lawrence E, Cheetham CH, et al. Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:879–884. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199909163411204</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clément K, van den Akker E, Argente J, Bahm A, Chung WK, Connors H, et al. Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, an MC4R agonist, in individuals with severe obesity due to LEPR or POMC deficiency: single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:960–970. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30364-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clément K, van den Akker E, Argente J, Bahm A, Chung WK, Connors H, et al. Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, an MC4R agonist, in individuals with severe obesity due to LEPR or POMC deficiency: single-arm, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:960–970. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30364-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haqq AM, Chung WK, Dollfus H, Haws RM, Martos-Moreno GÁ, et al. Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist, in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial with an open-label period. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:859–868. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00277-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haqq AM, Chung WK, Dollfus H, Haws RM, Martos-Moreno GÁ, et al. Efficacy and safety of setmelanotide, a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist, in patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial with an open-label period. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:859–868. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00277-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
