ometendoОжирение и метаболизмObesity and metabolism2071-87132306-5524Endocrinology Research Centre10.14341/omet13059ometendo-13059Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSКонечные продукты гликирования как один из «пусковых» факторов развития сахарного диабета 2 типа у лиц с ожирениемAdvanced glycation end products as one of the “trigger” factors in the development of type 2 diabetes in individuals with obesityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8148-8180ТомиловаА. О.TomilovaA. O.

Томилова (Гаврилова) Алина Олеговна – аспирант.

117036, Москва, улица Дм. Ульянова, д. 11

Alina O. Tomilova (Gavrilova) - MD, PhD student.

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow

a.o.gavrilova@list.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-6851ШестаковаЕ. А.ShestakovaE. A.

Шестакова Екатерина Алексеевна - д.м.н., г.н.с.

Москва

Ekaterina A. Shestakova - MD, PhD, chief research associate.

Moscow

katiashestakova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2852-807XСамсоноваМ. Д.SamsonovaM. D.

Cамсонова Маргарита Денисовна - клинический ординатор.

Москва

Margarita D. Samsonova - MD, clinical resident.

Moscow

samsonovamag@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5057-127XШестаковаМ. В.ShestakovaM. V.

Шестакова Марина Владимировна - д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН.

Москва

Marina V. Shestakova - MD, PhD, Professor.

Moscow

nephro@endocrincentr.ruГНЦ РФ ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» Минздрава РоссииРоссияEndocrinology Research CentreRussian Federation202417062024213302308Copyright © Томилова А.О., Шестакова Е.А., Самсонова М.Д., Шестакова М.В., 20242024Томилова А.О., Шестакова Е.А., Самсонова М.Д., Шестакова М.В.Tomilova A.O., Shestakova E.A., Samsonova M.D., Shestakova M.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/13059

Употребление высококалорийной пищи, подвергнутой термической обработке, приводит к набору массы тела и увеличению содержания конечных продуктов гликирования (AGE — advanced glycation end product/КПГ — конечные продукты гликирования) в организме. Доказан вклад AGE пищевого происхождения в усиление окислительного стресса и воспаления, процессов, которые играют важную роль в возникновении cахарного диабета 2 типа (СД2). Данные, полученные на клеточных и мышиных моделях, показывают, что взаимодействие AGE с их рецептором — RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) способствует развитию воспаления в жировой ткани (ЖТ) за счет активации провоспалительных сигнальных каскадов. Кроме того, появились данные о влиянии RAGE на преобразование макрофагов ЖТ в провоспалительный фенотип М1, что позволяет также увеличивать степень воспаления в ЖТ. Воспаление в ЖТ приводит к развитию инсулинорезистентности и, соответственно, СД2. При этом существуют и защитные изоформы RAGE, которые способны предотвращать запуск воспалительной реакции. Обзор посвящен современным взглядам на роль cистемы AGE-RAGE в развитии нарушений углеводного обмена у лиц с ожирением.

Consuming high-calorie and thermally processed foods leads to increased body weight and increased levels of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in the human body. AGE has been shown to contribute to dietary oxidative stress and processes that play a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Data obtained from cellular and mouse models indicate that the interaction of AGEs with their receptor, RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products), promotes the development of inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) through the activation of pro-inflammatory signaling cascades. In addition, there is new evidence, which shows influence of RAGE on the transformation of AT macrophages into the provoking M1 phenotype, which also promotes the degree of inflammation in AT. Inflammation in AT leads to the development of insulin resistance and, accordingly, T2DM. At the same time, there are also RAGE isoforms that can prevent the start of the inflammatory process. The review is devoted to modern views on the role of AGE-RAGE systems in the development of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in obese people.

конечные продукты гликированияAGEсахарный диабет 2 типаожирениеadvanced glycation end productsAGEtype 2 diabetes mellitusobesityРабота выполнена при поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект №22-15-00365 «Динамика гормонально-метаболических факторов, маркеров “метаболической памяти” и фенотипических особенностей зрелых и прогениторных клеток жировой ткани на фоне постбариатрической ремиссии сахарного диабета 2 типа»).ReferencesChooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:6-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:6-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.09.005La Sala L, Pontiroli AE. Prevention of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):8178. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218178La Sala L, Pontiroli AE. Prevention of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):8178. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218178Feng Z, Zhu L, Wu J. RAGE signalling in obesity and diabetes: focus on the adipose tissue macrophage. Adipocyte. 2020;9(1):563-566. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2020.1817278Feng Z, Zhu L, Wu J. RAGE signalling in obesity and diabetes: focus on the adipose tissue macrophage. Adipocyte. 2020;9(1):563-566. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2020.1817278Ruiz HH, Nguyen A, Wang C, et al. AGE/RAGE/DIAPH1 axis is associated with immunometabolic markers and risk of insulin resistance in subcutaneous but not omental adipose tissue in human obesity. Int J Obes. 2021;45(9):2083-2094. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-00878-3Ruiz HH, Nguyen A, Wang C, et al. AGE/RAGE/DIAPH1 axis is associated with immunometabolic markers and risk of insulin resistance in subcutaneous but not omental adipose tissue in human obesity. Int J Obes. 2021;45(9):2083-2094. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-00878-3Wautier MP, Guillausseau PJ, Wautier JL. Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and consequences on health. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2016.09.009Wautier MP, Guillausseau PJ, Wautier JL. Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and consequences on health. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2016.09.009Vlassara H, Striker GE. AGE restriction in diabetes mellitus: a paradigm shift. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(9):526-539. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.74Vlassara H, Striker GE. AGE restriction in diabetes mellitus: a paradigm shift. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(9):526-539. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.74de Courten B, de Courten MP, Soldatos G, et al. Diet low in advanced glycation end products increases insulin sensitivity in healthy overweight individuals: a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(6):1426-1433. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.125427de Courten B, de Courten MP, Soldatos G, et al. Diet low in advanced glycation end products increases insulin sensitivity in healthy overweight individuals: a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(6):1426-1433. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.125427Gaens KHJ, Goossens GH, Niessen PM, et al. N ε -(Carboxymethyl)lysine-Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product Axis Is a Key Modulator of Obesity-Induced Dysregulation of Adipokine Expression and Insulin Resistance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(6):1199-1208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302281Gaens KHJ, Goossens GH, Niessen PM, et al. N ε -(Carboxymethyl)lysine-Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product Axis Is a Key Modulator of Obesity-Induced Dysregulation of Adipokine Expression and Insulin Resistance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(6):1199-1208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302281Snelson M, Coughlan M. Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products: Digestion, Metabolism and Modulation of Gut Microbial Ecology. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):215. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020215Snelson M, Coughlan M. Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products: Digestion, Metabolism and Modulation of Gut Microbial Ecology. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):215. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020215Иванникова Е.В., Смирнова О.М. Роль конечных продуктов гликирования и их рецепторов в развитии осложнений сахарного диабета // Эффективная фармакотерапия. — 2019. — Т. 15. — №5. — С. 20-27.Ivannikova EV, Smirnova OM. The role of glycation end products and their receptors in the development of diabetes complications // Effective pharmacotherapy. 2019;15(5):20-27. (In Russ.)Jangde N, Ray R, Rai V. RAGE and its ligands: from pathogenesis to therapeutics. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;55(6):555-575. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10409238.2020.1819194Jangde N, Ray R, Rai V. RAGE and its ligands: from pathogenesis to therapeutics. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;55(6):555-575. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10409238.2020.1819194Feng Z, Du Z, Shu X, et al. Role of RAGE in obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Cell Death Discov. 2021;7(1):305. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-021-00711-wFeng Z, Du Z, Shu X, et al. Role of RAGE in obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Cell Death Discov. 2021;7(1):305. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-021-00711-wGoldin A, Beckman JA, Schmidt AM, Creager MA. Advanced Glycation End Products. Circulation. 2006;114(6):597-605. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.621854Goldin A, Beckman JA, Schmidt AM, Creager MA. Advanced Glycation End Products. Circulation. 2006;114(6):597-605. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.621854Schmidt AM, Yan S Du, Yan SF, Stern DM. The multiligand receptor RAGE as a progression factor amplifying immune and inflammatory responses. J Clin Invest. 2001;108(7):949-955. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200114002Schmidt AM, Yan S Du, Yan SF, Stern DM. The multiligand receptor RAGE as a progression factor amplifying immune and inflammatory responses. J Clin Invest. 2001;108(7):949-955. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200114002Rogge MM. The role of impaired mitochondrial lipid oxidation in obesity. Biol Res Nurs. 2009. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800408329408Rogge MM. The role of impaired mitochondrial lipid oxidation in obesity. Biol Res Nurs. 2009. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800408329408Kong Y, Liu C, Zhou Y, et al. Progress of RAGE Molecular Imaging in Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00227Kong Y, Liu C, Zhou Y, et al. Progress of RAGE Molecular Imaging in Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00227Prasad K, Khan AS, Bhanumathy KK. Does AGE–RAGE Stress Play a Role in the Development of Coronary Artery Disease in Obesity? Int J Angiol. 2022;31(01):001-009. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1742587Prasad K, Khan AS, Bhanumathy KK. Does AGE–RAGE Stress Play a Role in the Development of Coronary Artery Disease in Obesity? Int J Angiol. 2022;31(01):001-009. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1742587Reddy VP, Aryal P, Darkwah EK. Advanced Glycation End Products in Health and Disease. Microorganisms. 2022;10(9):1848. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091848Reddy VP, Aryal P, Darkwah EK. Advanced Glycation End Products in Health and Disease. Microorganisms. 2022;10(9):1848. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091848Гаврилова А.О., Северина А.С., Шамхалова М.Ш. и др. Роль конечных продуктов гликирования в патогенезе диабетической нефропатии // Сахарный диабет. — 2021. — Т. 24. — №5. —С. 461-469. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM12784Gavrilova AO, Severina AS, Shamhalova MS, et al. The role of advanced glycation end products in patogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Mellit. 2022;24(5):461–469 (In Russ.) doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/DM12784Каландия М.М., Токмакова А.Ю., Галстян Г.Р. Роль конечных продуктов гликирования в развитии и прогрессировании диабетической нейроостеоартропатии // Проблемы эндокринологии. — 2021. — Т. 67. №3. — С. 4-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12778Kalandiya MM, Tokmakova AYu, Galstyan GR. The role of glycation end products in the development and progression of diabetic neuroarthropathy. Probl. Endocrinol. 2021; 67(3):4–9 (In Russ.) doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/probl12778Miranda ER, Somal VS, Mey JT, et al. Circulating soluble RAGE isoforms are attenuated in obese, impaired-glucose-tolerant individuals and are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol - Endocrinol Metab. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00146.2017Miranda ER, Somal VS, Mey JT, et al. Circulating soluble RAGE isoforms are attenuated in obese, impaired-glucose-tolerant individuals and are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol - Endocrinol Metab. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00146.2017Tavares JF, Ribeiro PVM, Coelho OGL, Silva LE da, Alfenas RCG. Can advanced glycation end‐products and their receptors be affected by weight loss? A systematic review. Obes Rev. 2020;21(6). doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13000Tavares JF, Ribeiro PVM, Coelho OGL, Silva LE da, Alfenas RCG. Can advanced glycation end‐products and their receptors be affected by weight loss? A systematic review. Obes Rev. 2020;21(6). doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13000Püschel GP, Klauder J, Henkel J. Macrophages, Low-Grade Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia: A Mutual Ambiguous Relationship in the Development of Metabolic Diseases. J Clin Med. 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154358Püschel GP, Klauder J, Henkel J. Macrophages, Low-Grade Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia: A Mutual Ambiguous Relationship in the Development of Metabolic Diseases. J Clin Med. 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154358Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200319451Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200319451Byun K, Yoo Y, Son M, et al. Advanced glycation end-products produced systemically and by macrophages: A common contributor to inflammation and degenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;177:44-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.030Byun K, Yoo Y, Son M, et al. Advanced glycation end-products produced systemically and by macrophages: A common contributor to inflammation and degenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;177:44-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.030Xu Y, Toure F, Qu W, et al. Advanced Glycation End Product (AGE)-Receptor for AGE (RAGE) Signaling and Up-regulation of Egr-1 in Hypoxic Macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(30):23233-23240. doi: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.117457Xu Y, Toure F, Qu W, et al. Advanced Glycation End Product (AGE)-Receptor for AGE (RAGE) Signaling and Up-regulation of Egr-1 in Hypoxic Macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(30):23233-23240. doi: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.117457Schmidt AM. RAGE and Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cardiometabolic Disorders – Spotlight on the Macrophage. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2017;37(4):613–621 doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.307263Schmidt AM. RAGE and Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cardiometabolic Disorders – Spotlight on the Macrophage. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2017;37(4):613–621 doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.307263Monden M, Koyama H, Otsuka Y, et al. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Regulates Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. Diabetes. 2013;62(2):478-489. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/db11-1116Monden M, Koyama H, Otsuka Y, et al. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Regulates Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice. Diabetes. 2013;62(2):478-489. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/db11-1116Sayej WN, Knight PR, Guo WA, et al. Advanced Glycation End Products Induce Obesity and Hepatosteatosis in CD-1 Wild-Type Mice. Biomed Res Int. 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7867852Sayej WN, Knight PR, Guo WA, et al. Advanced Glycation End Products Induce Obesity and Hepatosteatosis in CD-1 Wild-Type Mice. Biomed Res Int. 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7867852Song F, Hurtado del Pozo C, Rosario R, et al. RAGE Regulates the Metabolic and Inflammatory Response to High-Fat Feeding in Mice. Diabetes. 2014;63(6):1948-1965. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/db13-1636Song F, Hurtado del Pozo C, Rosario R, et al. RAGE Regulates the Metabolic and Inflammatory Response to High-Fat Feeding in Mice. Diabetes. 2014;63(6):1948-1965. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/db13-1636Ueno H, Koyama H, Shoji T, et al. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) regulation of adiposity and adiponectin is associated with atherogenesis in apoE-deficient mouse. Atherosclerosis. 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.04.006Ueno H, Koyama H, Shoji T, et al. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) regulation of adiposity and adiponectin is associated with atherogenesis in apoE-deficient mouse. Atherosclerosis. 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.04.006Hurtado del Pozo C, Ruiz HH, Arivazhagan L, et al. A Receptor of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Regulates Adaptive Thermogenesis. Cell Rep. 2019;28(3):773-791.e7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.06133.Hurtado del Pozo C, Ruiz HH, Arivazhagan L, et al. A Receptor of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Regulates Adaptive Thermogenesis. Cell Rep. 2019;28(3):773-791.e7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.06133.Villarreal-Calderon JR, Cuellar-Tamez R, Castillo EC, Luna-Ceron E, García-Rivas G, Elizondo-Montemayor L. Metabolic shift precedes the resolution of inflammation in a cohort of patients undergoing bariatric and metabolic surgery. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):12127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91393-yVillarreal-Calderon JR, Cuellar-Tamez R, Castillo EC, Luna-Ceron E, García-Rivas G, Elizondo-Montemayor L. Metabolic shift precedes the resolution of inflammation in a cohort of patients undergoing bariatric and metabolic surgery. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):12127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91393-yKamei N, Tobe K, Suzuki R, et al. Overexpression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Adipose Tissues Causes Macrophage Recruitment and Insulin Resistance. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(36):26602-26614. doi: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M601284200Kamei N, Tobe K, Suzuki R, et al. Overexpression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Adipose Tissues Causes Macrophage Recruitment and Insulin Resistance. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(36):26602-26614. doi: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M601284200Turki Jalil A, Alameri AA, Iqbal Doewes R, et al. Circulating and dietary advanced glycation end products and obesity in an adult population: A paradox of their detrimental effects in obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.966590Turki Jalil A, Alameri AA, Iqbal Doewes R, et al. Circulating and dietary advanced glycation end products and obesity in an adult population: A paradox of their detrimental effects in obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.966590Ruiz HH, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. Advanced Glycation End Products: Building on the Concept of the “Common Soil” in Metabolic Disease. Endocrinology. 2020;161(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqz006Ruiz HH, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM. Advanced Glycation End Products: Building on the Concept of the “Common Soil” in Metabolic Disease. Endocrinology. 2020;161(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqz006Šebeková K, Krivošíková Z, Gajdoš M. Total plasma Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine and sRAGE levels are inversely associated with a number of metabolic syndrome risk factors in non-diabetic young-to-middle-aged medication-free subjects. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2014;52(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2012-0879Šebeková K, Krivošíková Z, Gajdoš M. Total plasma Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine and sRAGE levels are inversely associated with a number of metabolic syndrome risk factors in non-diabetic young-to-middle-aged medication-free subjects. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2014;52(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2012-0879Uribarri J, Cai W, Woodward M, et al. Elevated Serum Advanced Glycation Endproducts in Obese Indicate Risk for the Metabolic Syndrome: A Link Between Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(5):1957-1966. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3925Uribarri J, Cai W, Woodward M, et al. Elevated Serum Advanced Glycation Endproducts in Obese Indicate Risk for the Metabolic Syndrome: A Link Between Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(5):1957-1966. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3925Dozio E, Briganti S, Delnevo A, et al. Relationship between soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), body composition and fat distribution in healthy women. Eur J Nutr. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1291-0Dozio E, Briganti S, Delnevo A, et al. Relationship between soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), body composition and fat distribution in healthy women. Eur J Nutr. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1291-0Koborová I, Gurecká R, Csongová M, et al. Association between metabolically healthy central obesity in women and levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, soluble vascular adhesion protein-1, and the activity of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. Croat Med J. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2017.58.106Koborová I, Gurecká R, Csongová M, et al. Association between metabolically healthy central obesity in women and levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, soluble vascular adhesion protein-1, and the activity of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. Croat Med J. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2017.58.106Norata GD, Garlaschelli K, Grigore L, et al. Circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products is inversely associated with body mass index and waist/hip ratio in the general population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19(2):129-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2008.03.004Norata GD, Garlaschelli K, Grigore L, et al. Circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products is inversely associated with body mass index and waist/hip ratio in the general population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19(2):129-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2008.03.004Guclu M, Ali A, Eroglu DU, Büyükuysal SO, Cander S, Ocak N. Serum Levels of sRAGE Are Associated with Body Measurements, but Not Glycemic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2016;14(1):33-39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2015.0078Guclu M, Ali A, Eroglu DU, Büyükuysal SO, Cander S, Ocak N. Serum Levels of sRAGE Are Associated with Body Measurements, but Not Glycemic Parameters in Patients with Prediabetes. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2016;14(1):33-39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2015.0078Davis KE, Prasad C, Vijayagopal P, Juma S, Imrhan V. Serum soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products correlates inversely with measures of adiposity in young adults. Nutr Res. 2014;34(6):478-485. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2014.04.012Davis KE, Prasad C, Vijayagopal P, Juma S, Imrhan V. Serum soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products correlates inversely with measures of adiposity in young adults. Nutr Res. 2014;34(6):478-485. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2014.04.012Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, et al. Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods and a Practical Guide to Their Reduction in the Diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.018Uribarri J, Woodruff S, Goodman S, et al. Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods and a Practical Guide to Their Reduction in the Diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.018Gugliucci A, Kotani K, Taing J, et al. Short-Term Low Calorie Diet Intervention Reduces Serum Advanced Glycation End Products in Healthy Overweight or Obese Adults. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;54(3):197-201. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000217817Gugliucci A, Kotani K, Taing J, et al. Short-Term Low Calorie Diet Intervention Reduces Serum Advanced Glycation End Products in Healthy Overweight or Obese Adults. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;54(3):197-201. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000217817Miranda ER, Fuller KNZ, Perkins RK, et al. Endogenous secretory RAGE increases with improvements in body composition and is associated with markers of adipocyte health. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(11):1155-1165. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2018.07.009Miranda ER, Fuller KNZ, Perkins RK, et al. Endogenous secretory RAGE increases with improvements in body composition and is associated with markers of adipocyte health. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(11):1155-1165. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2018.07.009Brix JM, Höllerl F, Kopp H-P, Schernthaner GH, Schernthaner G. The soluble form of the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts increases after bariatric surgery in morbid obesity. Int J Obes. 2012;36(11):1412-1417. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.107Brix JM, Höllerl F, Kopp H-P, Schernthaner GH, Schernthaner G. The soluble form of the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts increases after bariatric surgery in morbid obesity. Int J Obes. 2012;36(11):1412-1417. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.107Horwitz D, Saunders JK, Ude-Welcome A, et al. Three-year follow-up comparing metabolic surgery versus medical weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes and BMI 30–35. The role of sRAGE biomarker as predictor of satisfactory outcomes. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(7):1337-1341. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.01.016Horwitz D, Saunders JK, Ude-Welcome A, et al. Three-year follow-up comparing metabolic surgery versus medical weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes and BMI 30–35. The role of sRAGE biomarker as predictor of satisfactory outcomes. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(7):1337-1341. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.01.016

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.