<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ometendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ожирение и метаболизм</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Obesity and metabolism</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8713</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2306-5524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology Research Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/omet12835</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ometendo-12835</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Витамин D – вопросы всасывания и метаболизма в норме и при заболеваниях желудочно-кишечного тракта</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Absorption and metabolism of vitamin D in health and in gastrointestinal tract diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6539-466X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пигарова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pigarova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пигарова Екатерина Александровна, доктор медицинских наук</p><p>117036, г. Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, дом 11</p><p>eLibrary SPIN: 6912-6331;</p><p>Scopus Author ID 55655098500 ,</p><p>ResearcherId T-9424-2018</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Pigarova, MD, PhD</p><p>11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kpigarova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-4619</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дзеранова</surname><given-names>Л. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzeranova</surname><given-names>L. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дзеранова Лариса Константиновна, доктор медицинских наук</p><p>Москва</p><p>eLibrary SPIN: 2958-5555</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa K. Dzeranova, MD, PhD</p><p>Moscow</p><p>eLibrary SPIN: 2958-5555</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dzeranovalk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7726-2242</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яценко</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yatsenko</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яценко Дина Александровна</p><p>Москва</p><p>eLibrary SPIN:6055- 9789</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dina A. Yatsenko, MD</p><p>Moscow</p><p>eLibrary SPIN:6055- 9789</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yatsenko_dina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Endocrinology Research Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>123</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пигарова Е.А., Дзеранова Л.К., Яценко Д.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пигарова Е.А., Дзеранова Л.К., Яценко Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pigarova E.A., Dzeranova L.К., Yatsenko D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12835">https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12835</self-uri><abstract><p>За последние десятилетия мы стали свидетелями многих замечательных достижений в понимании влияния витамина D на здоровье человека. Наблюдается экспоненциальный рост новых данных, охватывающих как фундаментальную биологию витамина D, так и клинические последствия дефицита и эффекты дополнительного приема витамина D. Данный обзор литературы подготовлен для объединения и интерпретации имеющихся в настоящее время научных данных о механизмах всасывания витамина D с акцентом на поглощение витамина D через апикальную мембрану энтероцитов при различной патологии ЖКТ. Рассмотренные исследования выявили некоторые отличительные аспекты биодоступности витамина D, которые следует учитывать при лечении или профилактике дефицита витамина D у пациентов с синдромами мальабсорбции, особенно в активной фазе заболевания. Более того, недавние эксперименты in vivo и исследования in vitro продемонстрировали, что абсорбция витамина D представляет собой не простой процесс диффузии, как предполагалось ранее, а скорее механизм, в котором участвуют также мембранные множественные переносчики. Поддержание или улучшение потребления витамина D с помощью диеты или повышенного пребывания на солнце проблематично, поэтому эффективным и безопасным подходом к улучшению статуса витамина D может выступать его пероральный прием. Витамин D3 является рекомендуемой формой как для профилактики, так и для лечения дефицита витамина D, что связано с более стабильной фармакокинетикой. Всасывание витамина улучшается при приеме витамина D с небольшим количеством жиросодержащей пищи и среднецепочечными триглицеридами. При синдромах мальабсорбции оптимальным является повышение общепопуляционных доз витамина D в 2–3 раза как для профилактики, так и для лечения дефицита и недостаточности. В то время как дефицит витамина D более распространен среди людей с заболеваниями ЖКТ, данные не смогли установить, является ли связь причинно-следственной или результатом кишечного воспаления и синдрома мальабсорбции. Однако благодаря пониманию механизмов действия витамина D появляются доказательства того, что его дефицит может непосредственно быть связан с тяжестью заболевания, частично с этиологией или патогенезом самого заболевания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Over the past decades, we have witnessed many remarkable advances in understanding the impact of vitamin D on human health. There is an exponential growth of new data covering both the fundamental biology of vitamin D and the clinical implications of deficiency and the effects of vitamin D supplementation. This literature review has been prepared to combine and interpret the current scientific evidence on the mechanisms of vitamin D absorption, with a focus on vitamin D absorption through the apical membrane of enterocytes in various pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. Reviewed studies have identified some distinctive aspects of vitamin D bioavailability that should be considered in the treatment or prevention of vitamin D deficiency in patients with malabsorption syndromes, especially in the active phase of the disease. Moreover, recent in vivo experiments and in vitro studies have demonstrated that vitamin D absorption is not a simple diffusion process as previously thought, but rather a mechanism that also involves multiple membrane transporters. Maintaining or improving vitamin D intake through diet or increased sun exposure is problematic, so oral supplementation may be an effective and safe approach to improving vitamin D status. Vitamin D3 is the recommended form for both prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency, which is associated with more stable pharmacokinetics. Vitamin D absorption is improved when vitamin D is taken with a small amount of fat-containing food and medium chain triglycerides. In malabsorption syndromes, it is optimal to increase the general population doses of vitamin D by 2–3 times both for prevention and for the treatment of deficiency and insufficiency. While vitamin D deficiency is more common among people with gastrointestinal disease, data have not been able to establish whether the relationship is causal or the result of intestinal inflammation and malabsorption syndrome. However, owing to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of vitamin D, there is evidence that its deficiency can be directly related to the severity of the disease, and partly to the etiology or pathogenesis of the disease itself.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>холекальциферол</kwd><kwd>витамин D</kwd><kwd>среднецепочечные триглицериды</kwd><kwd>всасывание</kwd><kwd>синдром мальабсорбции</kwd><kwd>кишечник</kwd><kwd>Витаминкид3</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cholecalciferol</kwd><kwd>vitamin D</kwd><kwd>medium chain triglycerides</kwd><kwd>absorption</kwd><kwd>malabsorption syndrome</kwd><kwd>intestine</kwd><kwd>Vitaminkid3</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено при финансовой поддержке Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации в рамках выполнения государственного задания «Разработка персонализированных подходов к диагностике и лечению пациентов с остеопорозом вследствие эндокринопатий на основании изучения молекулярно-генетических предикторов, применения инновационных методов диагностики и исследования патогенеза редких заболеваний скелета» № НИОКТР АААА-А20-120011690202-4</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. In: Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, editors. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. In: Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, editors. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline [published correction appears in J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(12):3908]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911-1930. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0385</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline [published correction appears in J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(12):3908]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911-1930. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0385</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пигарова Е.А., Мазурина Н.В., Трошина Е.А. Витамин D в профилактике костных и метаболических нарушений // Consilium Medicum. — 2019. — Т. 21. — №4. — С. 84-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2019.4.190342</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pigarova EA, Mazurina NV, Troshina EA. Vitamin D in the prevention of bone and metabolic disorders. Consilium Medicum. 2019;21(4):84-90. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2019.4.190342</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saponaro F, Saba A, Zucchi R. An Update on Vitamin D Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(18):6573. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186573</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saponaro F, Saba A, Zucchi R. An Update on Vitamin D Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(18):6573. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186573</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones G. Extrarenal vitamin D activation and interactions between vitamin D₂, vitamin D₃, and vitamin D analogs. Annu Rev Nutr. 2013;33:23-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161203</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones G. Extrarenal vitamin D activation and interactions between vitamin D₂, vitamin D₃, and vitamin D analogs. Annu Rev Nutr. 2013;33:23-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161203</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пигарова Е.А., Поваляева А.А., Дзеранова Л.К., и др. Роль витамина D при сезонных острых респираторных вирусных инфекциях и COVID-19 // Терапевтический архив. — 2020. — Т. 92. — №11. — С. 98-105. doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.11.000785</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pigarova EA, Povalyaeva AA, Dzeranova LK, et al. The role of vitamin D in seasonal acute respiratory viral infections and COVID-19. Therapeutic Archive. 2020;92(11):98-105. (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.11.000785</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поваляева А.А., Пигарова Е.А., Романова А.А., и др. Витамин D-связывающий белок как многофункциональный компонент сыворотки крови // Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. — 2021. — Т. 76. — №1. — С. 103-110. doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn1396</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Povaliaeva AA, Pigarova EA, Romanova AA, et al. Vitamin D-binding protein: multifunctional component of blood serum. Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences. 2021;76(1):103-110. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn1396</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chun RF, Shieh A, Gottlieb C, et al. Vitamin D Binding Protein and the Biological Activity of Vitamin D. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:718. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00718</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chun RF, Shieh A, Gottlieb C, et al. Vitamin D Binding Protein and the Biological Activity of Vitamin D. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:718. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00718</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies M, Mawer EB, Krawitt EL. Comparative absorption of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal disease. Gut. 1980;21(4):287-292. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.21.4.287</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davies M, Mawer EB, Krawitt EL. Comparative absorption of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal disease. Gut. 1980;21(4):287-292. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.21.4.287</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holmberg I, Aksnes L, Berlin T, et al. Absorption of a pharmacological dose of vitamin D3 from two different lipid vehicles in man: comparison of peanut oil and a medium chain triglyceride. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1990;11(9):807-815. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2510110908</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holmberg I, Aksnes L, Berlin T, et al. Absorption of a pharmacological dose of vitamin D3 from two different lipid vehicles in man: comparison of peanut oil and a medium chain triglyceride. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1990;11(9):807-815. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2510110908</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Denker AE, Lazarus N, Porras A, et al. Bioavailability of alendronate and vitamin D(3) in an alendronate/vitamin D(3) combination tablet. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;51(10):1439-1448. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270010382010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denker AE, Lazarus N, Porras A, et al. Bioavailability of alendronate and vitamin D(3) in an alendronate/vitamin D(3) combination tablet. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;51(10):1439-1448. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270010382010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones KS, Schoenmakers I, Bluck LJ, et al. Plasma appearance and disappearance of an oral dose of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in healthy adults. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(8):1128-1137. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511004132</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones KS, Schoenmakers I, Bluck LJ, et al. Plasma appearance and disappearance of an oral dose of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in healthy adults. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(8):1128-1137. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511004132</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Суплотова Л.А., Авдеева В.А., Пигарова Е.А., и др. Комплексная оценка фармакокинетики однократной болюсной дозы колекальциферола с точки зрения эффективности и безопасности // Остеопороз и остеопатии. — 2019. — Т. 22. — №1. — С. 4-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/osteo10209</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suplotova LA, Avdeeva VA, Pigarova EA, et al. Comprehensive assessment of the pharmacokinetic properties of a single bolus dose of colecalciferol in terms of efficacy and safety. Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases. 2019;22(1):4-9. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/osteo10209</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(11):5387-5391. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0360</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(11):5387-5391. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0360</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borel P, Caillaud D, Cano NJ. Vitamin D bioavailability: state of the art. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(9):1193-1205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.688897</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borel P, Caillaud D, Cano NJ. Vitamin D bioavailability: state of the art. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2015;55(9):1193-1205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.688897</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sitrin MD, Pollack KL, Bolt MJ, Rosenberg IH. Comparison of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D absorption in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1982;242(4):G326-G332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1982.242.4.G326</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sitrin MD, Pollack KL, Bolt MJ, Rosenberg IH. Comparison of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D absorption in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1982;242(4):G326-G332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1982.242.4.G326</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goncalves A, Gleize B, Bott R, et al. Phytosterols can impair vitamin D intestinal absorption in vitro and in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55(S2):S303-S311. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goncalves A, Gleize B, Bott R, et al. Phytosterols can impair vitamin D intestinal absorption in vitro and in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55(S2):S303-S311. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silva MC, Furlanetto TW. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: a systematic review. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(1):60-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silva MC, Furlanetto TW. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: a systematic review. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(1):60-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silva MC, Faulhauber GAM, Leite ÉN, et al. Impact of a cholesterol membrane transporter’s inhibition on vitamin D absorption: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Bone. 2015;81:338-342. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2015.07.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silva MC, Faulhauber GAM, Leite ÉN, et al. Impact of a cholesterol membrane transporter’s inhibition on vitamin D absorption: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Bone. 2015;81:338-342. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2015.07.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reboul E, Goncalves A, Comera C, et al. Vitamin D intestinal absorption is not a simple passive diffusion: evidences for involvement of cholesterol transporters. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55(5):691-702. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201000553</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reboul E, Goncalves A, Comera C, et al. Vitamin D intestinal absorption is not a simple passive diffusion: evidences for involvement of cholesterol transporters. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55(5):691-702. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201000553</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charoenngam N, Kalajian TA, Shirvani A, et al. A pilot-randomized, double-blind crossover trial to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of orally administered 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 in healthy adults with differing BMI and in adults with intestinal malabsorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(3):1189-1199. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charoenngam N, Kalajian TA, Shirvani A, et al. A pilot-randomized, double-blind crossover trial to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of orally administered 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 in healthy adults with differing BMI and in adults with intestinal malabsorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(3):1189-1199. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niramitmahapanya S, Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Type of dietary fat is associated with the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 increment in response to vitamin D supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3170-3174. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1518</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niramitmahapanya S, Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Type of dietary fat is associated with the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 increment in response to vitamin D supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3170-3174. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1518</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reboul E. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: from the meal to the enterocyte. Food Funct. 2015;6(2):356-362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/c4fo00579a</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reboul E. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: from the meal to the enterocyte. Food Funct. 2015;6(2):356-362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/c4fo00579a</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jesch ED, Carr TP. Food Ingredients That Inhibit Cholesterol Absorption. Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2017;22(2):67-80. doi: https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.67</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jesch ED, Carr TP. Food Ingredients That Inhibit Cholesterol Absorption. Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2017;22(2):67-80. doi: https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.67</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barragry JM, France MW, Corless D, et al. Intestinal cholecalciferol absorption in the elderly and in younger adults. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1978;55(2):213-220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0550213</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barragry JM, France MW, Corless D, et al. Intestinal cholecalciferol absorption in the elderly and in younger adults. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1978;55(2):213-220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0550213</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clemens TL, Zhou XY, Myles M, et al. Serum vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 metabolite concentrations and absorption of vitamin D2 in elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63(3):656-660. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-63-3-656</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clemens TL, Zhou XY, Myles M, et al. Serum vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 metabolite concentrations and absorption of vitamin D2 in elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63(3):656-660. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-63-3-656</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson JL, Mistry VV, Vukovich MD, et al. Bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified process cheese and effects on vitamin D status in the elderly. J Dairy Sci. 2005;88(7):2295-2301. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72907-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson JL, Mistry VV, Vukovich MD, et al. Bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified process cheese and effects on vitamin D status in the elderly. J Dairy Sci. 2005;88(7):2295-2301. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72907-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, et al. Meal conditions affect the absorption of supplemental vitamin D3 but not the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementation. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(8):1778-1783. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1896</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Palermo NJ, et al. Meal conditions affect the absorption of supplemental vitamin D3 but not the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementation. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(8):1778-1783. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1896</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Batchelor AJ, Compston JE. Reduced plasma half-life of radio-labelled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in subjects receiving a high-fibre diet. Br J Nutr. 1983;49(2):213-216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19830027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batchelor AJ, Compston JE. Reduced plasma half-life of radio-labelled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in subjects receiving a high-fibre diet. Br J Nutr. 1983;49(2):213-216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19830027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Natri AM, Salo P, Vikstedt T, et al. Bread fortified with cholecalciferol increases the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in women as effectively as a cholecalciferol supplement. J Nutr. 2006;136(1):123-127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.1.123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Natri AM, Salo P, Vikstedt T, et al. Bread fortified with cholecalciferol increases the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in women as effectively as a cholecalciferol supplement. J Nutr. 2006;136(1):123-127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.1.123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Booth SL, et al. Effects of orlistat on fat-soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22(7):814-822. doi: https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.22.11.814.33627</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Booth SL, et al. Effects of orlistat on fat-soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22(7):814-822. doi: https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.22.11.814.33627</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schlagheck TG, Kesler JM, Jones MB, et al. Olestra’s effect on vitamins D and E in humans can be offset by increasing dietary levels of these vitamins. J Nutr. 1997;127(S8):1666S-1685S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.8.1666S</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schlagheck TG, Kesler JM, Jones MB, et al. Olestra’s effect on vitamins D and E in humans can be offset by increasing dietary levels of these vitamins. J Nutr. 1997;127(S8):1666S-1685S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.8.1666S</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turnbull D, Whittaker MH, Frankos VH, Jonker D. 13-week oral toxicity study with stanol esters in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999;29(2Pt1):216-226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1999.1291</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turnbull D, Whittaker MH, Frankos VH, Jonker D. 13-week oral toxicity study with stanol esters in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1999;29(2Pt1):216-226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1999.1291</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dueland S, Pedersen JI, Helgerud P, Drevon CA. Transport of vitamin D3 from rat intestine. Evidence for transfer of vitamin D3 from chylomicrons to alpha-globulins. J Biol Chem. 1982;257(1):146-150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dueland S, Pedersen JI, Helgerud P, Drevon CA. Transport of vitamin D3 from rat intestine. Evidence for transfer of vitamin D3 from chylomicrons to alpha-globulins. J Biol Chem. 1982;257(1):146-150.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie Z, Wang X, Bikle DD. Editorial: Vitamin D Binding Protein, Total and Free Vitamin D Levels in Different Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:40. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00040</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie Z, Wang X, Bikle DD. Editorial: Vitamin D Binding Protein, Total and Free Vitamin D Levels in Different Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:40. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00040</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mawer EB, Backhouse J, Holman CA, et al. The distribution and storage of vitamin D and its metabolites in human tissues. Clin Sci. 1972;43(3):413-431. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0430413</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mawer EB, Backhouse J, Holman CA, et al. The distribution and storage of vitamin D and its metabolites in human tissues. Clin Sci. 1972;43(3):413-431. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0430413</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blum M, Dolnikowski G, Seyoum E, et al. Vitamin D(3) in fat tissue. Endocrine. 2008;33(1):90-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-008-9051-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blum M, Dolnikowski G, Seyoum E, et al. Vitamin D(3) in fat tissue. Endocrine. 2008;33(1):90-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-008-9051-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Didriksen A, Burild A, Jakobsen J, et al. Vitamin D3 increases in abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue after supplementation with vitamin D3. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(3):235-241. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-14-0870</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Didriksen A, Burild A, Jakobsen J, et al. Vitamin D3 increases in abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue after supplementation with vitamin D3. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(3):235-241. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-14-0870</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piccolo BD, Dolnikowski G, Seyoum E, et al. Association between subcutaneous white adipose tissue and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in overweight and obese adults. Nutrients. 2013;5(9):3352-3366. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5093352</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piccolo BD, Dolnikowski G, Seyoum E, et al. Association between subcutaneous white adipose tissue and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in overweight and obese adults. Nutrients. 2013;5(9):3352-3366. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5093352</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abboud M, Gordon-Thomson C, Hoy AJ, et al. Uptake of 25-hydroxyvitamin D by muscle and fat cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144(A):232-236. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abboud M, Gordon-Thomson C, Hoy AJ, et al. Uptake of 25-hydroxyvitamin D by muscle and fat cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144(A):232-236. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burild A, Lauridsen C, Faqir N, et al. Vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pork and their relationship to vitamin D status in pigs. J Nutr Sci. 2016;5:e3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2015.28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burild A, Lauridsen C, Faqir N, et al. Vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pork and their relationship to vitamin D status in pigs. J Nutr Sci. 2016;5:e3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2015.28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, et al. Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;42(4):644-649. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/42.4.644</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, et al. Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;42(4):644-649. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/42.4.644</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heubi JE, Hollis BW, Specker B, Tsang RC. Bone disease in chronic childhood cholestasis. I. Vitamin D absorption and metabolism. Hepatology. 1989;9(2):258-264. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840090216</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heubi JE, Hollis BW, Specker B, Tsang RC. Bone disease in chronic childhood cholestasis. I. Vitamin D absorption and metabolism. Hepatology. 1989;9(2):258-264. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840090216</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aarts E, van Groningen L, Horst R, et al. Vitamin D absorption: consequences of gastric bypass surgery. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164(5):827-832. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-1126</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aarts E, van Groningen L, Horst R, et al. Vitamin D absorption: consequences of gastric bypass surgery. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164(5):827-832. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-1126</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lupoli R, Lembo E, Saldalamacchia G, et al. Bariatric surgery and long-term nutritional issues. World J Diabetes. 2017;8(11):464-474. doi: https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v8.i11.464</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lupoli R, Lembo E, Saldalamacchia G, et al. Bariatric surgery and long-term nutritional issues. World J Diabetes. 2017;8(11):464-474. doi: https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v8.i11.464</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avioli LV, Lee SW, McDonald JE, et al. Metabolism of vitamin D3-3H in human subjects: distribution in blood, bile, feces, and urine. J Clin Invest. 1967;46(6):983-992. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI105605</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avioli LV, Lee SW, McDonald JE, et al. Metabolism of vitamin D3-3H in human subjects: distribution in blood, bile, feces, and urine. J Clin Invest. 1967;46(6):983-992. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI105605</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fletcher J, Cooper SC, Ghosh S, Hewison M. The Role of Vitamin D in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanism to Management. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1019. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fletcher J, Cooper SC, Ghosh S, Hewison M. The Role of Vitamin D in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanism to Management. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1019. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daley T, Hughan K, Rayas M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and its treatment in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2019;18(S2):S66-S73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2019.08.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daley T, Hughan K, Rayas M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and its treatment in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2019;18(S2):S66-S73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2019.08.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arteh J, Narra S, Nair S. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(9):2624-2628. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-009-1069-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arteh J, Narra S, Nair S. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(9):2624-2628. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-009-1069-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keane JT, Elangovan H, Stokes RA, Gunton JE. Vitamin D and the Liver-Correlation or Cause? Nutrients. 2018;10(4):496. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040496</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keane JT, Elangovan H, Stokes RA, Gunton JE. Vitamin D and the Liver-Correlation or Cause? Nutrients. 2018;10(4):496. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040496</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mundi MS, Velapati S, Patel J, et al. Evolution of NAFLD and Its Management. Nutr Clin Pract. 2020;35(1):72-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10449</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mundi MS, Velapati S, Patel J, et al. Evolution of NAFLD and Its Management. Nutr Clin Pract. 2020;35(1):72-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10449</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karkeni E, Bonnet L, Marcotorchino J, et al. Vitamin D limits inflammation-linked microRNA expression in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo: A new mechanism for the regulation of inflammation by vitamin D. Epigenetics. 2018;13(2):156-162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2016.1276681</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karkeni E, Bonnet L, Marcotorchino J, et al. Vitamin D limits inflammation-linked microRNA expression in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo: A new mechanism for the regulation of inflammation by vitamin D. Epigenetics. 2018;13(2):156-162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15592294.2016.1276681</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kitson MT, Roberts SK. D-livering the message: the importance of vitamin D status in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2012;57(4):897-909. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kitson MT, Roberts SK. D-livering the message: the importance of vitamin D status in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2012;57(4):897-909. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Nardo G, Villa MP, Conti L, et al. Nutritional Deficiencies in Children with Celiac Disease Resulting from a GlutenFree Diet: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1588. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071588</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Nardo G, Villa MP, Conti L, et al. Nutritional Deficiencies in Children with Celiac Disease Resulting from a GlutenFree Diet: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1588. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071588</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu C, Zhou W, He X, et al. Vitamin D status and vitamin D receptor genotypes in celiac disease: a meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(12):2098-2106. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1772716</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu C, Zhou W, He X, et al. Vitamin D status and vitamin D receptor genotypes in celiac disease: a meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(12):2098-2106. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1772716</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vici G, Camilletti D, Polzonetti V. Possible Role of Vitamin D in Celiac Disease Onset. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1051. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041051</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vici G, Camilletti D, Polzonetti V. Possible Role of Vitamin D in Celiac Disease Onset. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1051. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041051</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Webb AR, Alghamdi R, Kift R, Rhodes LE. 100 YEARS OF VITAMIN D: Dose-response for change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D after UV exposure: outcome of a systematic review. Endocr Connect. 2021;10(10):R248-R266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0308</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Webb AR, Alghamdi R, Kift R, Rhodes LE. 100 YEARS OF VITAMIN D: Dose-response for change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D after UV exposure: outcome of a systematic review. Endocr Connect. 2021;10(10):R248-R266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0308</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пигарова Е.А. Рахит нашего времени: современная диагностика и лечение // Медицинский Совет. — 2020. — №18. — С. 14-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2020-18-14-20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pigarova EA. Rickets of our time: modern diagnosis and treatment. Medical Council. 2020;18:14-20. (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2020-18-14-20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Public Health England. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Results from Years 1, 2, 3 and 4. London, UK: Crown Copyright; 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Public Health England. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Results from Years 1, 2, 3 and 4. London, UK: Crown Copyright; 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., и др. Клинические рекомендации Российской ассоциации эндокринологов «Дефицит витамина D». — М.: Российская ассоциация эндокринологов; 2022. — 55 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov II, et al. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii Rossiiskoi assotsiatsii endokrinologov «Defitsit vitamina D». Moscow: Rossiiskaya assotsiatsiya endokrinologov; 2022. 55 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
