ometendoОжирение и метаболизмObesity and metabolism2071-87132306-5524Endocrinology Research Centre10.14341/omet12755ometendo-12755Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSФастфуд и ожирение - под угрозой дети и подростки?Fast food and obesity: risks to children and adolescents?https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8720-728XЦутиеваА. Ш.TsutiyevaA. Sh.

Цутиева Аминат Шамхановна

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11

Aminat Sh. Tsutiyeva, MD

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow

aminka094@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7314-9063ДзгоеваФ. Х.DzgoevaF. Kh.

Дзгоева Фатима Хаджимуратовна, кандидат медицинских наук

117036, Москва, ул. Дм. Ульянова, д. 11

Scopus Author ID: 57202120653;

eLibrary SPIN: 9315-0722

Fatima Kh. Dzgoeva, MD, PhD

11 Dm. Ulyanova street, 117036 Moscow

Scopus Author ID: 57202120653;

eLibrary SPIN: 9315-0722

fatima.dzgoeva@gmail.comНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологииРоссияEndocrinology Research CentreRussian Federation202204052022191106115Copyright © Цутиева А.Ш., Дзгоева Ф.Х., 20222022Цутиева А.Ш., Дзгоева Ф.Х.Tsutiyeva A.S., Dzgoeva F.K.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12755

В современном мире фастфуд становится частью культуры питания, при этом дети и подростки не исключение. Достаточно насыщенный образ жизни и отсутствие времени способствуют все более частому обращению к ресторанам быстрого питания. Учитывая национальную политику здравоохранения многих стран, в том числе по сохранению и поддержке здорового образа жизни среди подростков и детей, внимание исследователей все больше привлекает вопрос зависимости ожирения от приема фастфуда среди подрастающего поколения. В данном обзоре авторы проанализировали опубликованные данные исследований различных уровней относительно нескольких вопросов: существует ли зависимость между приемом фастфуда и ожирением среди детей и подростков; как удаленность ресторанов быстрого питания от образовательных учреждений коррелирует с развитием дальнейших метаболических патологий. Учитывая выявленную взаимосвязь между потреблением детьми и подростками фастфуда, родителям и школам обязательно нужно строго контролировать потребление нездоровой пищи, приводящей к набору массы тела и сопутствующим ожирению заболеваниям. Прекращение маркетинга нездоровой пищи, ориентированной на детей, с захватывающими рекламными персонажами и подарками может быть одним из способов оздоровления детского питания.

 

In the modern world, fast food is becoming part of the food culture; herewith, children and teenagers are no exception. A fairly busy lifestyle and lack of time contribute to an increasingly frequent appeal to fast food outlets. Given the national health policies of many countries, including those aimed at keeping up and supporting healthy lifestyles among children and adolescents, the researchers are increasingly focusing on the dependence of obesity on the younger generation’s fascination with fast food. In the proposed review, the authors have analyzed the published data represented in the studies at various levels and regarding a few problems. They are: the establishment of the relationship between a systematic intake of fast food and obesity among children and adolescents; the influence of the distance of fast food outlets from educational institutions on the occurrence and development of metabolic pathologies. Taking into consideration the relationship between fast food consumption by children and adolescents, parents and schools should strictly control their intake of unhealthy foods that leads to the weight gain and obesity-related diseases. Stopping marketing of junk food targeted at kids with eye-catching advertising personalities and gifts, could be one of the ways of childhood’s nutrition revitalizing.

 

детиподросткифастфудбыстрое питаниенездоровая пищаожирениеметаболический синдромchildrenadolescentsfast foodjunk foodobesitymetabolic syndromeИсследование проведено при финансовой поддержке Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации в рамках выполнения государственного задания «Механизмы дезадаптации двухуровневой системы регуляции аппетита при экзогенно-конституциональном ожирении с множественными осложнениями и способы ее коррекции» № НИОКТР 122012100180-0ReferencesHoque MS,Banu Y, Majumder SR, et al. Food and nutrition.In: Subhan A, editor. English for Today, trial ed Dhaka. National curriculum and text book board; 2012. P. 21.Hoque MS,Banu Y, Majumder SR, et al. Food and nutrition.In: Subhan A, editor. English for Today, trial ed Dhaka. National curriculum and text book board; 2012. P. 21.Das JC. Fast Food Consumption in Children: A Review. Med Clin Rev. 2016;01(01). doi: https://doi.org/10.21767/2471-299X.1000001Das JC. Fast Food Consumption in Children: A Review. Med Clin Rev. 2016;01(01). doi: https://doi.org/10.21767/2471-299X.1000001Fast foods: Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia.Fast foods: Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia.Kaushik JS, Narang M, Parakh A. Fast food consumption in children. Indian Pediatr. 2011;48(2):97-101. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-011-0035-8Kaushik JS, Narang M, Parakh A. Fast food consumption in children. Indian Pediatr. 2011;48(2):97-101. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-011-0035-8Maruyama K, Sato S, Ohira T, et al. The joint impact on being overweight of self reported behaviours of eating quickly and eating until full: cross sectional survey. BMJ. 2008;337:a2002. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2002Maruyama K, Sato S, Ohira T, et al. The joint impact on being overweight of self reported behaviours of eating quickly and eating until full: cross sectional survey. BMJ. 2008;337:a2002. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2002Bowman SA, Gortmaker SL, Ebbeling CB, et al. Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household Survey. Pediatrics. 2004;113(1):112-118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.1.112Bowman SA, Gortmaker SL, Ebbeling CB, et al. Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household Survey. Pediatrics. 2004;113(1):112-118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.1.112Lin M, Pan L, Tang L, et al. Association of eating speed and energy intake of main meals with overweight in Chinese pre-school children. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(9):2029-2036. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013002176Lin M, Pan L, Tang L, et al. Association of eating speed and energy intake of main meals with overweight in Chinese pre-school children. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(9):2029-2036. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013002176MochizukiK, YamadaM, MiyauchiR, et al. Selfreported faster eating is positively associated with accumulation of visceral fat in middle-aged apparently healthy Japanese men. Eur J Nutr.2014;53:1187-1194. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0619-2MochizukiK, YamadaM, MiyauchiR, et al. Selfreported faster eating is positively associated with accumulation of visceral fat in middle-aged apparently healthy Japanese men. Eur J Nutr.2014;53:1187-1194. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0619-2Dubois L, Farmer A, Girard M, et al. Problem Eating Behaviors Related to Social Factors and Body Weight in Preschool Children: A Longitudinal Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.2007;4:9-18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-4-9Dubois L, Farmer A, Girard M, et al. Problem Eating Behaviors Related to Social Factors and Body Weight in Preschool Children: A Longitudinal Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act.2007;4:9-18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-4-9Andrade AM, Greene GW, Melanson KJ. Eating Slowly Led to Decreases in Energy Intake within Meals in Healthy Women. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(7):1186-1191. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.04.026Andrade AM, Greene GW, Melanson KJ. Eating Slowly Led to Decreases in Energy Intake within Meals in Healthy Women. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(7):1186-1191. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.04.026Hsieh SD, Muto T, Murase T, et al. Eating until feeling full and rapid eating both increase metabolic risk factors in Japanese men and women. Public Health Nutr.2011;14:1266-1269. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010003824Hsieh SD, Muto T, Murase T, et al. Eating until feeling full and rapid eating both increase metabolic risk factors in Japanese men and women. Public Health Nutr.2011;14:1266-1269. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010003824Inoue M, Nakao M, Nomura K, et al. Lack of leisure-time physical activity in non-obese Japanese men with components of metabolic syndrome. Tohoku J Exp Med.2011;223:269-276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.223.269Inoue M, Nakao M, Nomura K, et al. Lack of leisure-time physical activity in non-obese Japanese men with components of metabolic syndrome. Tohoku J Exp Med.2011;223:269-276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.223.269Tanihara S, Imatoh T, Miyazaki M, et al. Retrospective longitudinal study on the relationship between 8-year weight change and current eating speed. Appetite. 2011;57(1):179-183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.04.017Tanihara S, Imatoh T, Miyazaki M, et al. Retrospective longitudinal study on the relationship between 8-year weight change and current eating speed. Appetite. 2011;57(1):179-183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.04.017The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(1):13-27.doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(1):13-27.doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362World Health Organization [Internet]. Report of the commission on ending childhood obesity. 2016. Available from: https://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/facts/ru/World Health Organization [Internet]. Report of the commission on ending childhood obesity. 2016. Available from: https://www.who.int/end-childhood-obesity/facts/ru/Ожирение у детей и подростков. Клинические рекомендации. МЗ РФ; 2014. 38 с. Доступно по: https://rae-org.ru/system/files/documents/pdf/kr229_ozhirenie_u_detey_i_podrostkov.pdfOzhirenie u detei i podrostkov. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. MZ RF; 2014. 38 p. (In Russ.). Доступно по: https://rae-org.ru/system/files/documents/pdf/kr229_ozhirenie_u_detey_i_podrostkov.pdfPeterkova VA, Remizov OV. Ozhirenie v detskom vozraste.Obesity and metabolism. 2004;1(1):17-23. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/2071-8713-5174Peterkova VA, Remizov OV. Ozhirenie v detskom vozraste.Obesity and metabolism. 2004;1(1):17-23. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/2071-8713-5174Cheng TO. China’s Epidemic of Child Obesity. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172:1-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.250Cheng TO. China’s Epidemic of Child Obesity. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172:1-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.250Ji CY, Chen TJ. Empirical changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese Students from 1985 To 2010 and corresponding preventive strategies. Biomed Environ Sci. 2013;26:1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.3967/0895-3988.2013.01.001Ji CY, Chen TJ. Empirical changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese Students from 1985 To 2010 and corresponding preventive strategies. Biomed Environ Sci. 2013;26:1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.3967/0895-3988.2013.01.001Nielsen S. Trends in Food Locations and Sources among Adolescents and Young Adults. Prev Med (Baltim). 2002;35(2):107-113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2002.1037Nielsen S. Trends in Food Locations and Sources among Adolescents and Young Adults. Prev Med (Baltim). 2002;35(2):107-113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2002.1037Kelly B, Hattersley L, King L, Flood V. Persuasive food marketing to children: use of cartoons and competitions in Australian commercial television advertisements. Health Promot Int. 2008;23(4):337-344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dan023Kelly B, Hattersley L, King L, Flood V. Persuasive food marketing to children: use of cartoons and competitions in Australian commercial television advertisements. Health Promot Int. 2008;23(4):337-344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dan023Batada A, Seitz MD, Wootan MG, Story M. Nine out of 10 Food Advertisements Shown During Saturday Morning Children’s Television Programming Are for Foods High in Fat, Sodium, or Added Sugars, or Low in Nutrients. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(4):673-678. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.01.015Batada A, Seitz MD, Wootan MG, Story M. Nine out of 10 Food Advertisements Shown During Saturday Morning Children’s Television Programming Are for Foods High in Fat, Sodium, or Added Sugars, or Low in Nutrients. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(4):673-678. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.01.015Hawkes C. Marketing activities of global soft drink and fast food companies in emerging markets: a review. In:Globalization, Diet and Non communicable Diseases.World Health Organization 2002 [cited: July 14,2010]. Available from: whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/9241590416.pdfHawkes C. Marketing activities of global soft drink and fast food companies in emerging markets: a review. In:Globalization, Diet and Non communicable Diseases.World Health Organization 2002 [cited: July 14,2010]. Available from: whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/9241590416.pdfNiemeier HM, Raynor HA, Lloyd-Richardson EE, et al. Fast Food Consumption and Breakfast Skipping: Predictors of Weight Gain from Adolescence to Adulthood in a Nationally Representative Sample. J Adolesc Heal. 2006;39(6):842-849. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.07.001Niemeier HM, Raynor HA, Lloyd-Richardson EE, et al. Fast Food Consumption and Breakfast Skipping: Predictors of Weight Gain from Adolescence to Adulthood in a Nationally Representative Sample. J Adolesc Heal. 2006;39(6):842-849. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.07.001Gomez-Martinez S, Martinez-Gomez D, Perez de Heredia F, et al. Eating habits and total and abdominal fat in Spanish adolescents: influence of physical activity. The AVENA study. J Adolesc Health.2012;50:403-409. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.08.016Gomez-Martinez S, Martinez-Gomez D, Perez de Heredia F, et al. Eating habits and total and abdominal fat in Spanish adolescents: influence of physical activity. The AVENA study. J Adolesc Health.2012;50:403-409. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.08.016Vijayapushpam T, Menon KK, Rao DR, Antony GM. A qualitative assessment of nutrition knowledge levels and dietary intake of schoolchildren in Hyderabad. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6(7):683-688. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2003478Vijayapushpam T, Menon KK, Rao DR, Antony GM. A qualitative assessment of nutrition knowledge levels and dietary intake of schoolchildren in Hyderabad. Public Health Nutr. 2003;6(7):683-688. doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2003478Arredondo E, Castaneda D, Elder JP, et al. Brand Name Logo Recognition of Fast Food and Healthy Food among Children. J Community Health. 2009;34(1):73-78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-008-9119-3Arredondo E, Castaneda D, Elder JP, et al. Brand Name Logo Recognition of Fast Food and Healthy Food among Children. J Community Health. 2009;34(1):73-78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-008-9119-3Goon S. Fast Food Consumption and Obesity Risk among University Students of Bangladesh. Eur J Prev Med. 2014;2(6):99-104. doi: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20140206.14Goon S. Fast Food Consumption and Obesity Risk among University Students of Bangladesh. Eur J Prev Med. 2014;2(6):99-104. doi: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20140206.14Ohkuma T, Hirakawa Y, Nakamura U, et al. Association between eating rate and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes. 2015;39(11):1589-1596. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.96Ohkuma T, Hirakawa Y, Nakamura U, et al. Association between eating rate and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes. 2015;39(11):1589-1596. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.96Smith CF, Geiselman PJ, Williamson DA, et al. Association of dietary restraint and disinhibition with eating behavior, body mass, and hunger. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorexia, Bulim Obes. 1998;3(1):7-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03354907Smith CF, Geiselman PJ, Williamson DA, et al. Association of dietary restraint and disinhibition with eating behavior, body mass, and hunger. Eat Weight Disord - Stud Anorexia, Bulim Obes. 1998;3(1):7-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03354907Webber L, Hill C, Saxton J, et al. Eating Behaviour and Weight in Children. Int J Obesity.2009;33:21-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.219Webber L, Hill C, Saxton J, et al. Eating Behaviour and Weight in Children. Int J Obesity.2009;33:21-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.219Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Ohtsu T, et al. Eating behaviors and overweight among adolescents: A population-based survey in Japan. J Obes. 2013;2013:1-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/717942Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Ohtsu T, et al. Eating behaviors and overweight among adolescents: A population-based survey in Japan. J Obes. 2013;2013:1-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/717942Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Nanri H, et al. Eating quickly is associated with waist-to-height ratio among Japanese adolescents: a cross-sectional survey. Arch Public Heal. 2016;74(1):18-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-016-0130-3Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Nanri H, et al. Eating quickly is associated with waist-to-height ratio among Japanese adolescents: a cross-sectional survey. Arch Public Heal. 2016;74(1):18-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-016-0130-3Fogel A, Goh AT, Fries LR, et al. Faster eating rates are associated with higher energy intakes during an ad libitum meal, higher BMI and greater adiposity among 4·5-year-old children: results from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort. Br J Nutr. 2017;117(7):1042-1051. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517000848Fogel A, Goh AT, Fries LR, et al. Faster eating rates are associated with higher energy intakes during an ad libitum meal, higher BMI and greater adiposity among 4·5-year-old children: results from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort. Br J Nutr. 2017;117(7):1042-1051. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517000848Zijlstra N, de Wijk R, Mars M, et al. Effect of bite size and oral processing time of a semisolid food on satiation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(2):269-275. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27694Zijlstra N, de Wijk R, Mars M, et al. Effect of bite size and oral processing time of a semisolid food on satiation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(2):269-275. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.27694Fogel A, Goh AT, Fries LR, et al. A description of an ‘obesogenic’ eating style that promotes higher energy intake and is associated with greater adiposity in 4.5 year-old children: Results from the GUSTO cohort. Physiol Behav. 2017;176:107-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.013Fogel A, Goh AT, Fries LR, et al. A description of an ‘obesogenic’ eating style that promotes higher energy intake and is associated with greater adiposity in 4.5 year-old children: Results from the GUSTO cohort. Physiol Behav. 2017;176:107-116. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.013Zhu Y, Hollis JH. Increasing the Number of Chews before Swallowing Reduces Meal Size in Normal-Weight, Overweight, and Obese Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114(6):926-931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.08.020Zhu Y, Hollis JH. Increasing the Number of Chews before Swallowing Reduces Meal Size in Normal-Weight, Overweight, and Obese Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114(6):926-931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.08.020de Graaf C. Texture and satiation: The role of oro-sensory exposure time. Physiol Behav. 2012;107(4):496-501. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.008de Graaf C. Texture and satiation: The role of oro-sensory exposure time. Physiol Behav. 2012;107(4):496-501. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.008Laessle R, Uhl H, Lindel B, Müller A. Parental influences on laboratory eating behavior in obese and non-obese children. Int J Obes. 2001;25(S1):S60-S62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801701Laessle R, Uhl H, Lindel B, Müller A. Parental influences on laboratory eating behavior in obese and non-obese children. Int J Obes. 2001;25(S1):S60-S62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801701Chei C, Toyokawa S, Kano K. Relationship between eating habits and obesity among preschool children in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Japanese J Heal Hum Ecol. 2005;71(2):73-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.3861/jshhe.71.73Chei C, Toyokawa S, Kano K. Relationship between eating habits and obesity among preschool children in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Japanese J Heal Hum Ecol. 2005;71(2):73-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.3861/jshhe.71.73Drabman RS, Cordua GD, Hammer D, et al. Developmental Trends in Eating Rates of Normal and Overweight Preschool Children. Child Dev. 1979;50(1):211-216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb02996.xDrabman RS, Cordua GD, Hammer D, et al. Developmental Trends in Eating Rates of Normal and Overweight Preschool Children. Child Dev. 1979;50(1):211-216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb02996.xde Graaf C. Why liquid energy results in overconsumption. Proc Nutr Soc. 2011;70(2):162-170. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665111000012de Graaf C. Why liquid energy results in overconsumption. Proc Nutr Soc. 2011;70(2):162-170. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665111000012Cecil J, Francis J, Read N. Relative Contributions of Intestinal, Gastric, Oro-sensory Influences and Information to Changes in Appetite Induced by the Same Liquid Meal. Appetite. 1998;31(3):377-390. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1998.0177Cecil J, Francis J, Read N. Relative Contributions of Intestinal, Gastric, Oro-sensory Influences and Information to Changes in Appetite Induced by the Same Liquid Meal. Appetite. 1998;31(3):377-390. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1998.0177Drabman RS, Hammer D, Jarvie GJ. Eating styles of obese and nonobese black and white children in a naturalistic setting. Addict Behav. 1977;2(2- 3):83-86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(77)90023-5Drabman RS, Hammer D, Jarvie GJ. Eating styles of obese and nonobese black and white children in a naturalistic setting. Addict Behav. 1977;2(2- 3):83-86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(77)90023-5Llewellyn CH, van Jaarsveld CH, Boniface D, et al. Eating rate is a heritable phenotype related to weight in children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(6):1560-1566. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26175Llewellyn CH, van Jaarsveld CH, Boniface D, et al. Eating rate is a heritable phenotype related to weight in children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(6):1560-1566. doi: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26175Park S, Shin W-S. Differences in eating behaviors and masticatory performances by gender and obesity status. Physiol Behav. 2015;138:69-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.001Park S, Shin W-S. Differences in eating behaviors and masticatory performances by gender and obesity status. Physiol Behav. 2015;138:69-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.001Isabel CAC, Moysés MR, van der Bilt A, et al. The relationship between masticatory and swallowing behaviors and body weight. Physiol Behav. 2015;151:314-319. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.006Isabel CAC, Moysés MR, van der Bilt A, et al. The relationship between masticatory and swallowing behaviors and body weight. Physiol Behav. 2015;151:314-319. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.006Murakami K, Miyake Y, Sasaki S, et al. Self-Reported Rate of Eating and Risk of Overweight in Japanese Children: Ryukyus Child Health Study. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2012;58(4):247-252. doi: https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.58.247Murakami K, Miyake Y, Sasaki S, et al. Self-Reported Rate of Eating and Risk of Overweight in Japanese Children: Ryukyus Child Health Study. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2012;58(4):247-252. doi: https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.58.247He Q, Ding Z, Fong D, Karlberg J. Risk factors of obesity in preschool children in China: a population-based case–control study. Int J Obes. 2000;24(11):1528-1536. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801394He Q, Ding Z, Fong D, Karlberg J. Risk factors of obesity in preschool children in China: a population-based case–control study. Int J Obes. 2000;24(11):1528-1536. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801394Sun Y, Sekine M, Kagamimori S. Lifestyle and Overweight Among Japanese Adolescents: The Toyama Birth Cohort Study. J Epidemiol. 2009;19(6):303-310. doi: https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20080095Sun Y, Sekine M, Kagamimori S. Lifestyle and Overweight Among Japanese Adolescents: The Toyama Birth Cohort Study. J Epidemiol. 2009;19(6):303-310. doi: https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20080095Yamane M, Ekuni D, Mizutani S, et al. Relationships between eating quickly and weight gain in Japanese university students: A longitudinal study. Obesity. 2014;22(10):2262-2266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20842Yamane M, Ekuni D, Mizutani S, et al. Relationships between eating quickly and weight gain in Japanese university students: A longitudinal study. Obesity. 2014;22(10):2262-2266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20842Cetateanu A, Jones A. Understanding the relationship between food environments, deprivation and childhood overweight and obesity: Evidence from a cross sectional England-wide study. Health Place. 2014;27(2):68-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.01.007Cetateanu A, Jones A. Understanding the relationship between food environments, deprivation and childhood overweight and obesity: Evidence from a cross sectional England-wide study. Health Place. 2014;27(2):68-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.01.007Conrad D, Capewell S. Associations between deprivation and rates of childhood overweight and obesity in England, 2007–2010: an ecological study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(2):e000463. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000463Conrad D, Capewell S. Associations between deprivation and rates of childhood overweight and obesity in England, 2007–2010: an ecological study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(2):e000463. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000463Cummins SCJ, McKay L, MacIntyre S. McDonald׳s restaurants and neighborhood deprivation in Scotland and England. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2005;29:308-310.Cummins SCJ, McKay L, MacIntyre S. McDonald׳s restaurants and neighborhood deprivation in Scotland and England. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2005;29:308-310.Kinra S, Nelder RP, Lewendon GJ. Deprivation and childhood obesity: A cross sectional study of 20,973 children in Plymouth, United Kingdom. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(6):456-460. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.6.456Kinra S, Nelder RP, Lewendon GJ. Deprivation and childhood obesity: A cross sectional study of 20,973 children in Plymouth, United Kingdom. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(6):456-460. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.6.456Macdonald L, Cummins S, Macintyre S. Neighbourhood fast food environment and area deprivation — substitution or concentration? Appetite. 2007;49(1):251-254. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2006.11.004Macdonald L, Cummins S, Macintyre S. Neighbourhood fast food environment and area deprivation — substitution or concentration? Appetite. 2007;49(1):251-254. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2006.11.004Janssen I, Boyce WF, Simpson K, Pickett W. Influence of individual- and area-level measures of socioeconomic status on obesity, unhealthy eating, and physical inactivity in Canadian adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(1):139-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.1.139Janssen I, Boyce WF, Simpson K, Pickett W. Influence of individual- and area-level measures of socioeconomic status on obesity, unhealthy eating, and physical inactivity in Canadian adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(1):139-145. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.1.139Singh GK, Siahpush M, Kogan MD. Neighborhood Socioeconomic Conditions, Built Environments, And Childhood Obesity. Health Aff. 2010;29(3):503-512. doi: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0730Singh GK, Siahpush M, Kogan MD. Neighborhood Socioeconomic Conditions, Built Environments, And Childhood Obesity. Health Aff. 2010;29(3):503-512. doi: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0730Pearce J, Blakely T, Witten K, Bartie P. Neighborhood Deprivation and Access to Fast-Food Retailing. A National Study. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(5):375-382. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.009Pearce J, Blakely T, Witten K, Bartie P. Neighborhood Deprivation and Access to Fast-Food Retailing. A National Study. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(5):375-382. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.009Knai C, Lobstein T, Darmon N, Rutter H, McKee M. Socioeconomic Patterning of Childhood Overweight Status in Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(4):1472-1489. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9041472Knai C, Lobstein T, Darmon N, Rutter H, McKee M. Socioeconomic Patterning of Childhood Overweight Status in Europe. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(4):1472-1489. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9041472Fraser LK, Edwards KL. The association between the geography of fast food outlets and childhood obesity rates in Leeds, UK. Health Place. 2010;16(6):1124-1128. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.07.003Fraser LK, Edwards KL. The association between the geography of fast food outlets and childhood obesity rates in Leeds, UK. Health Place. 2010;16(6):1124-1128. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.07.003Merchant AT, Dehghan M, Behnke-Cook D, Anand SS. Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison. Nutr J. 2007;6(1):1. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-6-1Merchant AT, Dehghan M, Behnke-Cook D, Anand SS. Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison. Nutr J. 2007;6(1):1. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-6-1Jennings A, Welch A, Jones AP, et al. Local Food Outlets, Weight Status, and Dietary Intake. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(4):405-410. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.014Jennings A, Welch A, Jones AP, et al. Local Food Outlets, Weight Status, and Dietary Intake. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(4):405-410. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.014Briggs L, Lake AA. Exploring school and home food environments: perceptions of 8–10-year-olds and their parents in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(12):2227-2235. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011001984Briggs L, Lake AA. Exploring school and home food environments: perceptions of 8–10-year-olds and their parents in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(12):2227-2235. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011001984Sturm R, Datar A. Body mass index in elementary school children, metropolitan area food prices and food outlet density. Public Health. 2005;119(12):1059-1068. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2005.05.007Sturm R, Datar A. Body mass index in elementary school children, metropolitan area food prices and food outlet density. Public Health. 2005;119(12):1059-1068. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2005.05.007Buijzen M, Reijmersdal VAE, Owen LH. Introducing the PCMC model: an investigative framework for young people׳s processing of commercialized media content. Commun. Theory. 2010;20:427-450.Buijzen M, Reijmersdal VAE, Owen LH. Introducing the PCMC model: an investigative framework for young people׳s processing of commercialized media content. Commun. Theory. 2010;20:427-450.Story M, French S. Food advertising and marketing directed at children and adolescents in the US Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004;1(1):3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-1-3Story M, French S. Food advertising and marketing directed at children and adolescents in the US Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004;1(1):3. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-1-3Patterson TL, Rupp JW, Sallis JF, Atkins CJ, Nader PR. Aggregation of Dietary Calories, Fats, and Sodium in MexicanAmerican and Anglo Families. Am J Prev Med. 1988;4(2):75-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(18)31200-5Patterson TL, Rupp JW, Sallis JF, Atkins CJ, Nader PR. Aggregation of Dietary Calories, Fats, and Sodium in MexicanAmerican and Anglo Families. Am J Prev Med. 1988;4(2):75-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(18)31200-5Hofferth SL, Sandberg JF. How American Children Spend Their Time. J Marriage Fam . 2001; 63 ( 2 ): 295–308.Hofferth SL, Sandberg JF. How American Children Spend Their Time. J Marriage Fam . 2001; 63 ( 2 ): 295–308.Virtanen M, Kivimäki H, Ervasti J, et al. Fast-food outlets and grocery stores near school and adolescents’ eating habits and overweight in Finland. Eur J Public Health. 2015;25(4):650-655. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv045Virtanen M, Kivimäki H, Ervasti J, et al. Fast-food outlets and grocery stores near school and adolescents’ eating habits and overweight in Finland. Eur J Public Health. 2015;25(4):650-655. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv045Gittelsohn J, Kumar MB. Preventing childhood obesity and diabetes: is it time to move out of the school? Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8(s9):55-69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00333.xGittelsohn J, Kumar MB. Preventing childhood obesity and diabetes: is it time to move out of the school? Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8(s9):55-69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00333.xHe M, Tucker P, Irwin JD, Gilliland J, Larsen K, Hess P. Obesogenic neighbourhoods: the impact of neighbourhood restaurants and convenience stores on adolescents’ food consumption behaviours. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(12):2331-2339. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012000584He M, Tucker P, Irwin JD, Gilliland J, Larsen K, Hess P. Obesogenic neighbourhoods: the impact of neighbourhood restaurants and convenience stores on adolescents’ food consumption behaviours. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(12):2331-2339. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012000584Borradaile KE, Sherman S, Vander Veur SS, et al. Snacking in Children: The Role of Urban Corner Stores. Pediatrics. 2009;124(5):1293-1298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0964Borradaile KE, Sherman S, Vander Veur SS, et al. Snacking in Children: The Role of Urban Corner Stores. Pediatrics. 2009;124(5):1293-1298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0964Dwicaksono A, Brissette I, Birkhead GS, et al. Evaluating the Contribution of the Built Environment on Obesity Among New York State Students. Heal Educ Behav. 2018;45(4):480-491. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198117742440Dwicaksono A, Brissette I, Birkhead GS, et al. Evaluating the Contribution of the Built Environment on Obesity Among New York State Students. Heal Educ Behav. 2018;45(4):480-491. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198117742440Grier S, Davis B. Are all proximity effects created equal? Fast food near schools and body weight among diverse adolescents. J Public Policy Mark. 2013;32(1):116-128. doi: https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.11.158Grier S, Davis B. Are all proximity effects created equal? Fast food near schools and body weight among diverse adolescents. J Public Policy Mark. 2013;32(1):116-128. doi: https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.11.158Griffiths C, Frearson A, Taylor A, et al. A cross sectional study investigating the association between exposure to food outlets and childhood obesity in Leeds, UK. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0138-4Griffiths C, Frearson A, Taylor A, et al. A cross sectional study investigating the association between exposure to food outlets and childhood obesity in Leeds, UK. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-014-0138-4Sanchez-Vaznaugh EV, Weverka A, Matsuzaki M, Sánchez BN. Changes in Fast Food Outlet Availability Near Schools: Unequal Patterns by Income, Race/Ethnicity, and Urbanicity. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(3):338-345. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.023Sanchez-Vaznaugh EV, Weverka A, Matsuzaki M, Sánchez BN. Changes in Fast Food Outlet Availability Near Schools: Unequal Patterns by Income, Race/Ethnicity, and Urbanicity. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(3):338-345. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.04.023Nishtar S, Gluckman P, Armstrong T. Ending childhood obesity: a time for action. Lancet. 2016;387(10021):825-827. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00140-9Nishtar S, Gluckman P, Armstrong T. Ending childhood obesity: a time for action. Lancet. 2016;387(10021):825-827. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00140-9French SA. Pricing effects on food choices. In: Journal of Nutrition. Vol 133. ; 2003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.3.841sFrench SA. Pricing effects on food choices. In: Journal of Nutrition. Vol 133. ; 2003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.3.841sGortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, et al. Reducing Obesity via a SchoolBased Interdisciplinary Intervention Among Youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(4):409. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.153.4.409Gortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, et al. Reducing Obesity via a SchoolBased Interdisciplinary Intervention Among Youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(4):409. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.153.4.409French S, Jeffery RW, Story M, et al. Pricing and promotion effects on low fatvending snack purchases: the CHIPS study. Am J PublicHealth.2001;91:112-117.French S, Jeffery RW, Story M, et al. Pricing and promotion effects on low fatvending snack purchases: the CHIPS study. Am J PublicHealth.2001;91:112-117.Thomas L. How Fast Food Affects Children’s Health. Medical News. 23 Aug 2018. Available from: https://www.news-medical.net/health/How-Fast-Food-Affects-Childrens-Health.aspxThomas L. How Fast Food Affects Children’s Health. Medical News. 23 Aug 2018. Available from: https://www.news-medical.net/health/How-Fast-Food-Affects-Childrens-Health.aspx

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.