<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ometendo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ожирение и метаболизм</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Obesity and metabolism</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-8713</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2306-5524</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Endocrinology Research Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/omet12733</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ometendo-12733</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изменения антропометрических характеристик, уровня андрогенов и эстрогенов при коррекции мужского гипогонадизма препаратами тестостерона или хорионического гонадотропина: результаты ретроспективного сравнительного исследования</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Changes in anthropometric characteristics, androgen and estrogen levels during correction of male hypogonadism with testosterone or hCG: results of a retrospective comparative study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7954-0437</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>З. Ш.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>Z. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павлова Зухра Шариповна, к.м.н.; eLibrary SPIN: 9329-7628</p><p>Россия, 119991, Москва, ул. Ленинские горы, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zukhra Sh. Pavlova, MD, PhD</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zukhra73@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0935-9004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голодников</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golodnikov</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Голодников Иван Иванович, ординатор; eLibrary SPIN: 3213-0916</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan I. Golodnikov, resident</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">golodnikov@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-5612</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлова</surname><given-names>Я. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlova</surname><given-names>Y. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Орлова Яна Артуровна, д.м.н.; eLibrary SPIN: 3153-8373</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana A. Orlova, MD, PhD</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">5163002@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4251-7545</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камалов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamalov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Камалов Армаис Альбертович, д.м.н., профессор; eLibrary SPIN: 6609-5468</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Armais A. Kamalov, MD, PhD, Professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">priemnaya@mc.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>268</fpage><lpage>275</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Павлова З.Ш., Голодников И.И., Орлова Я.А., Камалов А.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Павлова З.Ш., Голодников И.И., Орлова Я.А., Камалов А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pavlova Z.S., Golodnikov I.I., Orlova Y.A., Kamalov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12733">https://www.omet-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/12733</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Обоснование</title><p>Обоснование. Использование тестостеронзаместительной терапии (ТЗТ) широко распространено. Несмотря на положительные изменения, такие как увеличение уровня тестостерона, улучшение эректильной функции и рост либидо, возможно развитие негативного проявления — гиперэстрогении. На сегодняшний день отсутствуют исследования, оценивающие распространенность развития гиперэстрогении на фоне ТЗТ.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучить достоверность повышения уровней общего тестостерона и эстрадиола и изменения общего веса, индекса массы тела (ИМТ), длин окружности талии (ОТ) и бедер (ОБ) в зависимости от вида ТЗТ и терапии хорионическим гонадотропином человека (ХГЧ).</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для ретроспективного анализа были отобраны истории болезни пациентов с исходным дефицитом тестостерона и нормальным уровнем эстрадиола, которым была назначена ТЗТ или ХГ-терапия.</p><p>Уровни тестостерона, эстрадиола, глобулина, связывающего половые гормоны (ГСПГ), вес, ОТ, ОБ, ИМТ в каждой группе оценивали 2 раза — перед назначением лечения и в разные периоды лечения, например, через 3–6–9 и 12 мес. Большинство пациентов имели период контроля данных параметров до назначения ТЗТ или ХГ-терапии и через 6 мес.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В исследование было включено 60 историй болезни пациентов с исходным дефицитом тестостерона и нормальным уровнем эстрадиола и избыточной массой тела или ожирением. Повышение уровней общего тестостерона и эстрадиола на фоне ТЗТ в общей выборке составило 109,6 и 111,3% соответственно.</p><p>В каждой группе повышение уровней общего тестостерона и эстрадиола было достоверным, p≤0,001. Уровень общего тестостерона до физиологических значений повысился только во 2-й группе — достигая средне-нормальных, рекомендованных уровней, с 8,7±0,5 (2,5) и до 16±2 (10) нмоль/л. Максимальные подъемы общего тестостерона, как и эстрадиола, были отмечены в 1-й группе, с 9,5±0,72 (3) до 24,9±2,7 нмоль/л (11,62) нмоль/л и с 24,19±2 (8,5) до 58,1±4 (18,1) нмоль/л соответственно. ТЗТ, как и ХГ-терапия, способствует росту уровня эстрадиола, что было продемонстрировано во всех группах, а не только 1-й группе: во 2-й группе с 28,1±2,3 (11,3) до 55±4 (20) нмоль/л и в 3-й группе с 27,1±2,5 (10,5) до 55,8±4,6 (19,6) нмоль/л. В среднем по всей выборке — с 26,6±1,32 (10,2) до 56,2±2,5 (19) нмоль/л. Снижение веса на ТЗТ достоверным оказалось только во 2-й группе, причем по всем параметрам — весу, ИМТ, длинам ОТ и ОБ. В 3-й группе также незначительно уменьшились ИМТ, величины ОТ и ОБ. В 1-й группе общий вес незначительно увеличился, при этом ИМТ не изменился, как и величина ОБ, а величина ОТ незначительно уменьшилась.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. ТЗТ достоверно повышает уровни общего тестостерона и эстрадиола, способствуя нормализации уровня тестостерона, как во 2-й группе, или развитию супрафизиологических уровней общего тестостерона и гиперэстрогении, как в 1-й и 3-й группах. Учитывая, что сформировалось стойкое убеждение, что ТЗТ приводит к значительному снижению веса, наше исследование подтвердило это заявление только во 2-й группе.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background: The use of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is widespread. Despite the positive changes, such as: an increase in testosterone levels, an improvement in erectile function and an increase in libido, it is possible to develop a negative manifestation — hyperestrogenism. To date, there are no studies assessing the prevalence of hyperestrogenism in the presence of TRT.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: To study the reliability of an increase in total testosterone and estradiol levels and changes in total weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and hips (OB), depending on the type of TRT and hCG therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: For retrospective analysis, the medical records of patients with baseline testosterone deficiency and normal estradiol levels, who were prescribed TRT or hCG therapy, were selected. The patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the form of TRT and hCG therapy. The level of testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), weight, OT, OB, BMI in each group was assessed 2 times — before the appointment of treatment and at different periods of treatment, for example, after 3–6–9 and 12 months. Most of the patients had a period of monitoring these parameters before the appointment of TRT or hCG therapy and after 6 months.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: The increase in the levels of total testosterone and estradiol against the background of TRT in the total sample was 109.6% and 111.3%, respectively. In each group, increases in total testosterone and estradiol levels were significant, p ≤ 0.001. The level of total testosterone to physiological values increased only in the 2-nd group — reaching the average-normal, recommended levels, from 8.7 ± 0.5 (2.5) to 16 ± 2 (10). The maximum rises in total testosterone, as well as estradiol, were noted in the 1st group, from 9.5 ± 0.72 nmol / L (3) to 24.9 ± 2.7 nmol / L (11.62)) and with 24.19 ± 2 (8.5) to 58.1 ± 4 (18.1), respectively. TRT, like hCG therapy, promotes an increase in the level of estradiol, which was demonstrated in all groups, and not only in group 1-st: in group 2-nd from 28.1 ± 2.3 (11.3) to 55 ± 4 (20) and in the 3-rd group from 27.1 ± 2.5 (10.5) to 55.8 ± 4.6 (19.6). On average for the entire sample, from 26.6 ± 1.32 (10.2) to 56.2 ± 2.5 (19). Weight loss on TRT was significant only in the 2-nd group, and in all parameters — weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference. In the 3-rd group, BMI, WC and OB values also slightly decreased. In the 1-st group, the total weight slightly increased, while the BMI did not change, as did the OB value, and the OT value decreased slightly.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: TRT significantly increases the levels of total testosterone and estradiol, contributing to the normalization of testosterone levels, as in the 2-nd group, or the development of supraphysiological levels of total testosterone and hyperestrogenism, as in the 1st and 3-rd groups. Given that there is a strong belief that TRT leads to significant weight loss, our study confirmed this statement only in the 2-nd group.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тестостерон</kwd><kwd>эстрадиол</kwd><kwd>вес</kwd><kwd>половые стероидные гормоны</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>testosterone</kwd><kwd>estradiol</kwd><kwd>weight</kwd><kwd>sex steroid hormones</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках Государственного задания МНОЦ МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова «Разработка, апробация и внедрение методов профилактики, диагностики и лечения возраст-ассоциированных заболеваний» (регистрационный номер: 121061800145-1)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аметов А.С., Пашкова Е.Ю. Эволюция тестостеронозаместительной терапии. Новые формы — новые возможности // Эндокринология: новости, мнения, обучение. — 2017. — №2. — С. 55-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ametov AS, Pashkova EYu. Evolution of testosterone replacement therapy. New forms — new possibilities. Endocrinology: news, opinions, training. 2017;(2):55-65. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peterson MD, Belakovskiy A, McGrath R, Yarrow JF. Testosterone Deficiency, Weakness, and Multimorbidity in Men. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):5897. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24347-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peterson MD, Belakovskiy A, McGrath R, Yarrow JF. Testosterone Deficiency, Weakness, and Multimorbidity in Men. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):5897. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24347-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Travison T, et al. Harmonized Reference Ranges for Circulating Testosterone Levels in Men of Four Cohort Studies in the USA and Europe. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017;102:1161–1173. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1210/jc.2016-2935.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Travison T, et al. Harmonized Reference Ranges for Circulating Testosterone Levels in Men of Four Cohort Studies in the USA and Europe. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017;102:1161–1173. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1210/jc.2016-2935.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Мельниченко Г.А., Шестакова М.В., и др. Рекомендации по диагностике и лечению дефицита тестостерона (гипогонадизма) у мужчин с сахарным диабетом // Ожирение и метаболизм. — 2017. — Т. 14. — №4. — С. 83-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov II, Mel’nichenko GA, Shestakova MV, et al. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of testosterone deficiency (hypogonadism) in male patients with diabetes mellitus. Obesity and metabolism. 2017;14(4):83-92. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/omet2017483-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dohle GR, Arver S, Bettocchi C, et al. EAU 2014 guideline on male hypogonadism. European Association of Urology; 2014. Available from: http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/16_Male_Hypogonadism_LR%20II.pdf [cited 8 Dec 2014].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dohle GR, Arver S, Bettocchi C, et al. EAU 2014 guideline on male hypogonadism. European Association of Urology; 2014. Available from: http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/16_Male_Hypogonadism_LR%20II.pdf [cited 8 Dec 2014].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19-2 million participants. The Lancet. 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19-2 million participants. The Lancet. 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zarotsky V, Huang M-Y, Carman W, et al. Systematic Literature Review of the Epidemiology of Nongenetic Forms of Hypogonadism in Adult Males. Journal of Hormones. 2014;214:1-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/190347.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zarotsky V, Huang M-Y, Carman W, et al. Systematic Literature Review of the Epidemiology of Nongenetic Forms of Hypogonadism in Adult Males. Journal of Hormones. 2014;214:1-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/190347.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галимов Ш.Н., Божедомов В.А., Галимова Э.Ф., и др. Мужское бесплодие. Молекулярные и иммунологические аспекты. — М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galimov ShN, Bozhedomov VA, Galimova EF, et al. Muzhskoe besplodie. Molekulyarnye i immunologicheskie aspekty. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2020. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пашкова Е.Ю., Рождественская О.А. Возрастной андрогенный дефицит у мужчин: этиология, клиника, диагностика, лечение // Андрология и генитальная хирургия. — 2015. — Т. 16. — №1 — С. 95-101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pashkova EYu, Rozhdestvenskaya OA. Late-onset hypogonadism: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics, treatment. Andrology and Genital Surgery. 2015;16(1):95-101. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.17650/2070-9781-2015-1-95-101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feldman HA, Longcope C, Derby CA, et al. Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2002;87(2):589-598. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.2.8201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feldman HA, Longcope C, Derby CA, et al. Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2002;87(2):589-598. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.2.8201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhasin S, Buckwalter JG. Testosterone supplementation in older men: A rational idea whose time has not yet come. J Androl. 2001;22(5):718-731. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02570.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhasin S, Buckwalter JG. Testosterone supplementation in older men: A rational idea whose time has not yet come. J Androl. 2001;22(5):718-731. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02570.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, et al. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2001;86(2):724-731. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.2.7219</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, et al. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2001;86(2):724-731. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.2.7219</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carruthers M, Trinick TR, Jankowska E, et al. Are the adverse effects of glitazones linked to induced testosterone deficiency? Cardiovascular diabetology. 2008;7:30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-7-30</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carruthers M, Trinick TR, Jankowska E, et al. Are the adverse effects of glitazones linked to induced testosterone deficiency? Cardiovascular diabetology. 2008;7:30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-7-30</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Савельева Л.В., Роживанов Р.В., Шурдумова Б.О., и др. Нормогонадотропный гипогонадизм у мужчин с ожирением // Ожирение и метаболизм. — 2009. — Т. 6. — №3. — С. 39-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savelieva LV, Rozhivanov RV, Shurdumova BO, et al. Normogonadotropic hypogonadism in obese men. Obesity and Metabolism. 2009;6(3):39-42. (In Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/2071-8713-5243</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, et al. Testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin predict the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetes care. 2004;27(5):1036-1041. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.5.1036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, et al. Testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin predict the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetes care. 2004;27(5):1036-1041. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.5.1036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antonio L, Wu FC, O’Neill TW, et al. Associations between sex steroids and the development of metabolic syndrome: a longitudinal study in European men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2015;100(4):1396-1404. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4184</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonio L, Wu FC, O’Neill TW, et al. Associations between sex steroids and the development of metabolic syndrome: a longitudinal study in European men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2015;100(4):1396-1404. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4184</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohlsson C, Barrett-Connor E, Bhasin S, et al. High serum testosterone is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events in elderly men. The MrOS (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men) study in Sweden. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;58(16):1674-1681. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.07.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohlsson C, Barrett-Connor E, Bhasin S, et al. High serum testosterone is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events in elderly men. The MrOS (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men) study in Sweden. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;58(16):1674-1681. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.07.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2010;95(6):2536-2559. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2354</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2010;95(6):2536-2559. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2354</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Traish AM, Saad F, Guay A. The Dark Side of Testosterone Deficiency: II. Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance. Journal of Andrology. 2009;30(1):23-32. doi: https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.108.005751</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Traish AM, Saad F, Guay A. The Dark Side of Testosterone Deficiency: II. Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance. Journal of Andrology. 2009;30(1):23-32. doi: https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.108.005751</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grossmann M, Thomas MC, Panagiotopoulos S, et al. Low Testosterone Levels Are Common and Associated with Insulin Resistance in Men with Diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2008;93(5):1834-1840. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2177</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grossmann M, Thomas MC, Panagiotopoulos S, et al. Low Testosterone Levels Are Common and Associated with Insulin Resistance in Men with Diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2008;93(5):1834-1840. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2177</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rhoden EL, Ribeiro EP, Teloken C, et al. Diabetes mellitus is associated with subnormal serum levels of free testosterone in men. BJU international. 2005;96(6):867-870. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05728.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rhoden EL, Ribeiro EP, Teloken C, et al. Diabetes mellitus is associated with subnormal serum levels of free testosterone in men. BJU international. 2005;96(6):867-870. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05728.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dhindsa S, Prabhakar S, Sethi M, et al. Frequent Occurrence of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2004;89(11):5462-5468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0804</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dhindsa S, Prabhakar S, Sethi M, et al. Frequent Occurrence of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2004;89(11):5462-5468. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0804</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding EL, Song Y, Malik VS, et al. Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006;295(11):1288-1299. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.11.1288</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding EL, Song Y, Malik VS, et al. Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006;295(11):1288-1299. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.11.1288</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacDonald AA, Herbison GP, Showell M, et al. The impact of body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Human reproduction update. 2010;16(3):293-311. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmp047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacDonald AA, Herbison GP, Showell M, et al. The impact of body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Human reproduction update. 2010;16(3):293-311. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmp047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schneider G, Kirschner MA, Berkowitz R, Ertel NH. Increased Estrogen Production in Obese Men*. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979;48(4):633-638. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-48-4-633</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schneider G, Kirschner MA, Berkowitz R, Ertel NH. Increased Estrogen Production in Obese Men*. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979;48(4):633-638. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-48-4-633</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cutolo M. Estrogen metabolites: increasing evidence for their role in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of rheumatology. 2004;31(3):419-421</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cutolo M. Estrogen metabolites: increasing evidence for their role in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The Journal of rheumatology. 2004;31(3):419-421</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castagnetta LA, Carruba G, Granata OM, et al. Increased estrogen formation and estrogen to androgen ratio in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of rheumatology. 2003;30(12):2597-2605</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castagnetta LA, Carruba G, Granata OM, et al. Increased estrogen formation and estrogen to androgen ratio in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of rheumatology. 2003;30(12):2597-2605</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butaney M, Thirumavalavan N, Balasubramanian A, et al. Treatment of Estrogen Levels in the Management of Hypogonadism: An Anonymous Survey of ISSM Members. Urology. 2020;139:104-109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2020.01.032</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butaney M, Thirumavalavan N, Balasubramanian A, et al. Treatment of Estrogen Levels in the Management of Hypogonadism: An Anonymous Survey of ISSM Members. Urology. 2020;139:104-109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2020.01.032</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone Therapy in Men with Androgen Deficiency Syndromes: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(6):2536-2559. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2354</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al. Testosterone Therapy in Men with Androgen Deficiency Syndromes: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(6):2536-2559. doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2354</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alvaro M., Bebb RA, Manjo P. et al, Diagnosis and management of testosterone deficiency syndrome in men: clinical practice guideline. CMAJ; 2015;187(18):1369-1377. doi: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alvaro M., Bebb RA, Manjo P. et al, Diagnosis and management of testosterone deficiency syndrome in men: clinical practice guideline. CMAJ; 2015;187(18):1369-1377. doi: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Estradiol, serum; Available from: https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81816. [cited 03.10.2020]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Estradiol, serum; Available from: https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81816. [cited 03.10.2020]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Ponikowska B, et al. Circulating estradiol and mortality in men with systolic chronic heart failure. Jama. 2009;301(18):1892-1901. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.639</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Ponikowska B, et al. Circulating estradiol and mortality in men with systolic chronic heart failure. Jama. 2009;301(18):1892-1901. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.639</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Basu A, Seth S, Arora K, et al. Evaluating estradiol levels in male patients with colorectal carcinoma. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR. 2015;9(1):8-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2015/10508.5397</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Basu A, Seth S, Arora K, et al. Evaluating estradiol levels in male patients with colorectal carcinoma. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR. 2015;9(1):8-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2015/10508.5397</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rubinow KB. Estrogens and Body Weight Regulation in Men. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2017;1043:285-313. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubinow KB. Estrogens and Body Weight Regulation in Men. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2017;1043:285-313. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
